1. Chapter 11: Digestive System
Medical Terminology

2. Chapter 11 Abbreviations
a.c.
DAT
NAS NG
NPO
p.c.
p.o.
TPN
before meals (ante cibum)
diet as tolerated
no added salt
nasogastric
nothing by mouth
after meals (post cibum)
by mouth (per os)
total parenteral nutrition (all nutrients given IV, along with vitamins and minerals. Replaces need to eat)

3. Chapter 11 AbbreviationsBE
EGD
ERCP GB GI
procto
UGI
barium enema
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
gallbladder
gastrointestinal
proctoscopy
upper gastrointestinal

4. Chapter 11 AbbreviationsBM
BMI BS
C&S
GERD
bowel movement
body mass index
bowel sounds
culture and sensitivity (identifies bacteria growth and what antibiotic destroys it)
gastroesophageal reflux disease

5. The Digestive System
Also known as alimentary canal or the gastrointestinal(GI) tract
Function
Functions of the digestive tract are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination

6. The Digestive System Organs of the Digestive Tract Mouth
opening through which food passes into the body
breaks food into small particles by mastication(chewing) and mixing with saliva
tongue: consists mostly of skeletal muscle; attached in the posterior region of the mouth. Provides movement of food, directs food, and major organ for taste and speech

7. The Digestive System pharynx, throat esophagus
palate: separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
soft palate: posterior portion, not supported by bone
hard palate: anterior portion, supported by bone
uvula: soft V-shaped structure that extends from the soft palate; directs food into the throat
pharynx, throat
performs the swallowing action that passes food from the mouth into the esophagus
esophagus
10-inch (25cm) tube that is a passageway for food extending from the pharynx to the stomach. Peristalsis begins in the esophagus

8. The Digestive System stomach
J-shaped sac that mixes and stores food. Secretes chemicals for digestion and hormones for local communication control
cardia: area around the opening of the esophagus
fundus: uppermost domes portion of the stomach
body: central portion of the stomach
antrum: lower portion of the stomach
pylorus: portion of the stomach that connects to the sm. intestine
pyloric sphincter: ring of muscle that guards the opening between the stomach and the duodenum

9. The Digestive System small intestine
20-ft (6m) canal extending from the pyloric sphincter to the large intestine. Digestion is completed in the small intestine. Absorption, the passage of the nutrients from the small intestine to the blood stream, takes place through the villi, fingerlike projections that line the walls
duodenum: first 10-12in. of sm. intestine
jejunum: 2nd portion of sm. intestine, approx. 8ft.
ileum: 3rd portion of sm. intestine, approx. 11ft., connects to the lg. intestine

10. The Digestive System large intestine anus
canal that is approximately 5ft (1.5m) long and extends from the ileum to the anus. Absorption of water and elimination of the solid waste products of digestion take place in the lg. intestine
cecum: blind U-shaped pouch that is the first portion of the large intestine
colon: next portion of the lg. intestine. Divided into 4 parts: ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid
rectum: remaining portion of the lag. intestine, ~ 8-10 in. (20cm) long, extending from sigmoid colon to anus
anus
sphincter muscle at the end of the digestive tract

11. The Digestive System Accessory Organs to the Digestive System
salivary glands
produce saliva, which flows into mouth
liver
produces bile, which is necessary for the digestion of fats. Performs many other functions concerned with digestion and metabolism
bile ducts
passageways that carry bile: the hepatic duct carries bile from the liver, cystic duct carries bile from the GB. They join to form the common bile duct, which conveys bile to the duodenum. Collectively, these passageways are referred to as the biliary tract.

12. The Digestive System gallbladder (GB) pancreas
small, saclike structure that stores bile
pancreas
produces pancreatic juice, which helps digest all types of food and secretes insulin for carbohydrate metabolism

13. The Digestive System Other Structures in the Digestive System
peritoneum
serous saclike lining of the abdominal and pelvic cavities
appendix
small pouch, which has no known function in digestion, attached to the cecum (vermiform appendix)
abdomen
portion of the body between the thorax and the pelvis

14. The Digestive System
Accessory Organs

15. The Digestive System
Large Intestine
Oral Cavity

16. The Digestive System
The pathway of food

17. Word Parts for Digestive Tract
Combining Form
Definition
an/o
cec/o
col/o, colon/o
duoden/o
enter/o
esophag/o
gastr/o
ile/o
jejun/o
or/o, stomat/o
proct/o, rect/o
sigmoid/o
anus
cecum
colon (usually denotes lg. intestine)
duodenum
intestine (usually denotes sm. intestine)
esophagus
stomach
ileum
jejunum
mouth
rectum
sigmoid colon

18. Word Parts commonly used with Digestive System
Combining Form
Definition
abdomin/o, lapar/o
append/o, appendic/o
cheil/o
cholangi/o
chol/e
choledoch/o
diverticul/o
gingiv/o
abdomen
appendix
lip
bile duct
gall, bile
common bile duct
diverticulum, or blind pouch extending from a hollow organ
gum

19. Word Parts commonly used with Digestive System
Combining Form
Definition
gloss/o, lingu/o
hepat/o
herni/o
palat/o
pancreat/o
peritone/o
polyp/o
pylor/o
uvul/o
tongue
liver
hernia, or protrusion of an organ through a membrane or cavity wall
palate
pancreas
peritoneum
polyp, small growth
pylorus, pyloric sphincter
uvula

20. Word Parts for Digestive System
Prefix
Definition
hemi-
half
Suffix
Definition
-pepsia
digestion

21. Med Terms (from word parts) [Disease & Disorders]
Definition
appendicitis
cholangioma
cholecystitis
choledocholithiasis
cholelithiasis
diverticulitis
diverticulosis
esophagitis
gastritis
gastroenteritis

22. Med Terms (from word parts) [Disease & Disorders]
Definition
gastroenterocolitis
gingivitis
hepatitis
hepatoma
palatitis
pancreatitis
peritonitis
polyposis
proctoptosis
rectocele
uvulitis

23. Med Terms (not from word parts) [Disease & Disorders]
Definition
adhesion
cirrhosis
abnormal growing together of two surfaces that normally are separated. This may occur after abdominal surgery; surgical treatment is called adhesiolysis or adhesiotomy
chronic disease of the liver with gradual destruction of cells and formation of scar tissue; commonly caused by alcoholism and certain types of viral hepatitis

24. Med Terms (not from word parts) [Disease & Disorders]
Definition
gastroesoph- ageal reflux disease (GERD)
hemorrhoids
ileus
the abnormal backward flow of the gastrointestinal contents into the esophagus, causing heartburn and the gradual breakdown of the mucous barrier of the esophagus
swollen or distended veins in the rectal area, which may be internal or external, and can be a source of rectal bleeding
obstruction of the intestine, often caused by failure of peristalsis

25. Med Terms (not from word parts) [Disease & Disorders]
Definition
obesity
peptic ulcer
polyp
excess of body fat (not body weight)
eroded area of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum associated with increased secretion of acid from the stomach, bacterial infection, or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
often referred to as gastric or duodenal ulcer, depending on its location
tumorlike growth extending outward from a mucous membrane; usually benign; common sites are in the nose, and intestines

26. Med Terms (form word parts) [Surgical Terms]
Definition
abdominocentesis
abdominoplasty
anoplasty
appendectomy
cheilorrhaphy
cholecystectomy
choledocholithotomy
colectomy
colostomy
diverticulectomy
enterorrhaphy

27. Med Terms (form word parts) [Surgical Terms]
Definition
esophagogastroplasty
gastrectomy
gastrojejunostomy
gastroplasty
gastrostomy
gingivectomy
glossorrhaphy
hemicolectomy
herniorrhaphy
ileostomy

28. Med Terms (form word parts) [Surgical Terms]
Definition
laparotomy
palatoplasty
polypectomy
pyloromyotomy
pyloroplasty
uvulectomy
uvulopalatopharyngoplasty

29. Med Terms (not form word parts) [Surgical Terms]
Definition
anastomosis
bariatric surgery
hemorrhoidectomy
vagotomy
an opening created by surgically joining two structures, such as blood vessels or bowel segments
surgical reduction of gastric capacity to treat morbid obesity causing serious illness
excision of hemorrhoids, the swollen or distended veins in the rectal region
cutting of certain braches of the vagus nerve, performed with gastric surgery to reduce the amount of gastric acid produced and thus reduce the recurrence of ulcers

30. Med Terms (from word parts) [Diagnostic Terms]
Definition
DIAGNOSTIC
cholangiogram
cholangiography
esophagogram
ENDOSCOPY
colonoscope
colonoscopy
endoscope
endoscopy

31. Med Terms (from word parts) [Diagnostic Terms]
Definition
esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
esophagoscopy
gastroscope
gastroscopy
laparoscope
laparoscopy
proctoscope
proctoscopy
sigmoidoscopy

32. Med Terms (not from word parts) [Diagnostic Terms]
Definition
DIAGNOSTIC
barium enema
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreat- ography (ERCP)
series of radiographic images taken of the lg. intestine after the contrast agent barium has been administered rectally (lower GI series)
radiographic exam of the biliary ducts and pancreatic ducts with contrast media, fluoroscopy, and endoscopy; used to evaluate and diagnose obstructions, strictures, stone diseases, pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer

33. Med Terms (not from word parts) [Diagnostic Terms]
Definition
upper GI series
LABORATORY
fecal occult blood test
series of radiographic images taken of the stomach and duodenum after the contrast agent barium has been swallowed
a test to detect occult blood in feces. It is used to screen for colon cancer or polyps. Occult blood refers to blood that is present but can only be detected by chemical testing (guaiac test)

34. Med Terms (from word parts) [Complementary Terms]
Definition
abdominal
anal
aphagia
colerectal
duodenal
dyspepsia
dysphagia
enteropathy
esophageal
gastric

35. Med Terms (from word parts) [Complimentary Terms]
Definition
gastroenterologist
gastroenterology
gastromalacia
glossopathy
ileocecal
nasogastric
oral
pancreatic
peritoneal

36. Med Terms (from word parts) [Complimentary Terms]
Definition
proctologist
proctology
rectal
stomatitis
stomatogastric
sublingual

37. Med Terms (not from word parts) [Complimentary Terms]
Definition
ascites
diarrhea
dysentery
emesis
feces
abnormal collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
frequent discharge of liquid stool
disorder that involves inflammation of the intestine (usually the lg. intestine) associated with diarrhea and abdominal pain
expelling matter from the stomach through the mouth (vomiting)
waste from the digestive tract expelled through the rectum (stool or fecal matter)

38. Med Terms (not from word parts) [Complimentary Terms]
Definition
flatus
gastric lavage
gavage
hematemesis
malabsorption
melena
gas in the digestive tract or expelled through the anus
washing out of the stomach
process of feeding a person through a nasogastric tube
vomiting of blood
impaired digestion or intestinal absorption of nutrients
black, tarry stool that contains digested blood; usually a result of bleeding in the upper GI tract

39. Med Terms (not from word parts) [Complimentary Terms]
Definition
nausea
peristalsis
reflux
stoma
vomiting
enema
urge to vomit
involuntary wavelike contractions that propel food along the digestive tract
abnormal backward flow
in esophageal reflux, the stomach contents flow back into the esophagus
surgical opening between an organ and the surface of the body, such as the opening established in the abdominal wall by colostomy, ileostomy, or a similar operation
expelling matter from the stomach through the mouth (emesis)
introduction of fluids/meds into rectum and lg. intesting