1. The Protestant Reformation

2. Essential Questions Where did the Protestant Reformation start?
What were the goals and beliefs of the Protestant Reformers?
How were the reformers different from traditional Catholic beliefs and practices?
How did the different Protestant sects compare to each other?
How did religious reform lead to conflict?

3. The Catholic Church
The Roman Catholic Church was the most powerful institution in Europe
In charge of education → decided what people learned
Owned a lot of land (=$$)
European leaders did what the Church told them to
Richest institution in the world
Mass performed in Latin - not understandable by the average person

4. The Balance: The Church vs. The Bible

5. Why Were People Unhappy??
Catholicism in the 1400s
Some people felt Church wasn’t following its own rules → concerns led to the Protestant Reformation
Why Were People Unhappy??
Mass said in Latin – people couldn’t understand
Tithes: by law, people had to pay 10% of their income to the Church
$ often used so priests could live extravagant lifestyles, while common people were suffering
Priests didn’t follow the many of their own rules
People’s respect for priests, monks, popes weakened

6. Selling Indulgences Church needed $$ to build St. Peter’s Basilica
Pope Leo X approved sale of indulgences
Indulgences reduced soul’s time in purgatory
Purgatory: where your soul had to work off your sins before you could go to heaven or hell
After buying an indulgence, a person got a piece of paper saying they were “free of sin”
People didn’t stop sinning, just bought more indulgences = more $$ for Church

7. The Selling of Indulgences

8. DO NOW…
What problems with the Catholic Church led to the Protestant Reformation?

9. Martin Luther
1517: Martin Luther’s public criticism of the Church starts the Protestant Reformation
Martin Luther = Catholic monk in Germany
Well educated – could read the bible in Latin
Wrote the 95 Theses: list of 95 things he believed were very wrong with the Church
Criticized power of pope, wealth of Church
Bible never mentioned indulgences → selling indulgences was a sin
Wrote theses in German so average person could read
Nailed theses to door of Wittenberg Castle
Theses was published and widely read
Desire for reform grew
Nailing things to doors was very common – like a community bulletin board

10. Luther’s Message
1519: declared the only leader of Christian church was Jesus, not the pope
Said God’s forgiveness couldn’t be won through good works, only through faith
Individual Christians should be able to read and interpret the bible, not rely on a priest
Luther translated Bible into German
Allowed more people to read Bible independently
So what’s the problem??
His teachings contradict what the Church is teaching and take power away from the Church.

11. Again … who cares? Why does it matter that some monk in Germany is criticizing the Church? Surely this can’t be the first time someone has been critical!
Question: what makes this particular time period so different?
Answer: The printing press!

12. Now it makes more sense…
Long Video Clip

13. Spread of the Printing Press
But what if Luther had Twitter??

14. Theses reached Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Spain, Italy, Switzerland, France, Scotland, and England
Church freaked out – they couldn’t have people all over Europe questioning their authority!
Pope ordered Luther to recant (take back) his ideas, or face excommunication (have his membership to the Church taken away)

15. 1520: officially excommunicated
1521: ordered to Worms to appear before Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor)
Told to recant, he refused
Emperor issued the Edict of Worms  officially made Luther an outlaw and banned his writings
1529: Charles tried to get rid of Lutherans in Germany (under pressure from Vatican)
German princes issued a protestation (protest) against this since many were now Lutheran
This is where the term Protestant comes from!
Charles V forced to back down
Video Clip

16. Lutheranism Quickly spread through Germany
Led to political, economic, and social upheaval
Led to religious extremism
Rulers used it as a reason to attack neighboring areas
Peasants used it as a reason to revolt

17. Get story behind this again
Woodcut of Martin Luther Preaching
Lucas Cranach the Younger

18. Quick Question!
Describe the ideas of Martin Luther and how they contradicted the Church’s teachings.

19. The Spread of Protestantism

20. John Calvin
John Calvin: second most important Protestant reformer
Educated in France, influenced humanists
Lived in Geneva, Switzerland
Salvation?
Predestination!
God knows who will be saved and who won’t
Nothing humans can do, good or bad, will change the predestined end
Believed people are sinful by nature
Used strict laws to regulate behavior
Video Clip

21. Use the map to the right to answer the questions!

22. Other Reformers John Knox Anabaptists Scotland
Reformed Church replaced Roman Catholic Church
Laid groundwork for later Presbyterians
Anabaptists
Insisted on rebaptizing adults
Baptism didn’t make sense for infants
Baptizing adults was a crime punishable by death at that time
Evolved into Hutterites, the Mennonites, and the Amish Mennonites

23. Spread of the Anabaptists

24. Different Countries, Different Reforms
Switzerland - Calvinists
England - Puritans
Scotland - Presbyterians
Holland - Dutch Reform
France - Huguenots
Germany - Lutherans

25. Spread of the Reformation by the Late 16th Century

26. Quick Question!
How did the ideas of reformers who came after Luther differ from those of Luther?

27. Reformation Spreads to England (aka: A Series of Problems)
1509: Henry VIII (8th) became king at 17
Devout Catholic, hated Luther
Problem 1: Henry wanted a son, but only had daughter Mary (thought female monarch would weaken England)
Solution! Have marriage to Catherine annulled (declared invalid)
Problem 2: Pope wouldn’t agree
Problem 3: Henry had fallen in love with his mistress, Anne Boleyn
Problem 4: Henry doesn’t like being told “no”

28. Solution: Adios Church!
England declared it no longer considered itself under the authority of the pope
1533: Anne Boleyn and Henry secretly married, marriage to Catherine annulled
Anne gave birth to daughter, Elizabeth
1534: Church of England created
Henry named “Supreme Head of Church of England”
Members known as Anglican
Rituals very similar to Catholic Church
Closed Catholic monasteries, convents, distributed much of land to nobles
Built public support for split from Church because nobility was able to gain financially
Show video clip from the Secrets of the Tower of London on Netflix!
Video Clip

29. The Six Wives of Henry VIII
Annulled
Beheaded
Died after Childbirth
Divorced
Beheaded
Widowed

30. Henry’s Kids Bloody Mary Elizabeth I
Third wife, Jane Seymour, gave England male heir - Edward VI
1547: Edward VI took throne at age 9
Edward died at 16; oldest sister, Mary became queen of England
Bloody Mary
Returned England to Catholicism
Hundreds burned at stake for Protestant beliefs, earning queen title “Bloody Mary”
1558: Died
Elizabeth I
1559: new Supremacy Act, splitting England again from Vatican
Persecuted Catholics to stay in power
1603: Died
1587: Mary Queen of Scots executed

31. What caused the Reformation to spread to England?
Quick Questions
What caused the Reformation to spread to England?

32. It’s about more than just religion though!
Conflict between England and Spain
Between 1540’s and 1580’s: England and Spain fighting
Spain’s King Philip II (married to Bloody Mary and hoped to marry Elizabeth I) planned to invade England to stop the expansion of the Protestantism
Elizabeth’s navy defeated the much larger Spanish Armada.
The loss of almost the entire Spanish fleet opened passage to the New World to England, France, and the Netherlands
Elizabeth II Scene on Armada

33. The Counter-Reformation (aka: the Catholic Response)
Council of Trent
The Society of Jesus (“Jesuits”)
The Inquisition
The Index: list of book prohibited by the Church
First version included works by Luther, Calvin, Galileo, Kepler, etc.
Most recent version of the Index (the 20th) was published in 1966!

34. The Council of Trent Pope Paul III saw need for reform
The Council of Trent met three times over three decades
Stopped some spread of Protestant Reformation
By 1650 at least half of all Protestants had reconverted!

35. Catholic Reforms (?) No compromise with Protestants
Mass still in Latin
Idea that salvation required faith and good works kept
Still sold indulgences, just limited the number you could buy each year
Reformed the priesthood
Ended abuses of power and corruption within the clergy
Established seminaries to educate priests
Strongly supported papal power and strengthened the authority of the Pope

36. The Society of Jesus
Founded by Ignatius of Loyola after he was wounded in battle
Made vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience to the Pope and Church
Insisted on high levels of education for the clergy, hoping this would deal with the issues in the Church
Known for work in education, intellectual research, cultural pursuits, missionary work, and promotion of social justice
Boston College is home to one of the world’s largest Jesuit communities!

37. F.Y.I.
Pope Francis is the first Jesuit pope!

38. The Inquisition Intended to stop heresy
Heresy: opinions that differed from those of the Church
Inquisitors could remove priests from office, not allow certain things to be said or printed, call in help from armies, and punish heretics
Only pope could pardon, didn’t happen often
Countries asked to help with Inquisition
France refused
Spain very involved
Burnings common throughout Italy, especially in Rome
No one expects the Spanish Inquisition!

39. Quick Questions!
In what ways did the Council show the desire for reform within the Catholic Church?
How did the decisions made by the Council of Trent put the Catholic Church in a better position to combat Protestantism?

40. Results of the Reformation
Christianity divided
Growing doubt about Church amongst common people
Individualism and secularism grew
Over 100 years of religious warfare began
Germany politically weakened
(Remember Emperor sided with the Church and the Princes sided with Luther)
Pope’s power increased through Catholic Reformation

41. The Spread of Religion Worldwide
(2003)