1. The Byzantine Empire From Rome to Byzantium, Foundations of Europe

2. Thursday, 17 April Welcome! DO NOW –Turn in your Europe maps if not finished yesterday –Hand in last night’s homework –Get started on Do Now

3. Pages 4-3 Rome’s Golden Age & Rome’s Decline 4-4 The Byzantine Empire notes 4-5 Justinian Code assignment (tonight’s HW)

4. Objectives Be able to… –Predict consequences of Rome’s decline as a major power –Describe features of the Byzantine empire –Make an argument for how geographic, political, cultural, and economic factors helped the Byzantine Empire become powerful

5. Agenda Do Now/Share Decline of Rome: Gallery Walk of Theories From Rome’s Decline to Byzantium’s Rise Four Parts of Byzantine Empire: Lecture, Discussion, and Notes

6. What pressures contributed to the decline of the Roman Empire? Expansion and cost of maintaining large empire Defense of borders Attacks from outside forces (Germanic tribes) Tax burdens, rich vs. poor Loss of shared identity? –New religious groups grow: CHRISTIANS

7. Think-Pair-Share: When a powerful, large empire like Rome stops being so powerful… What will happen in Europe? *Economic *Political *Religious

8. Constantine & The New Rome 330 CE, Constantine wants power Moves capital to Byzantium, in Greek- speaking East Constantinople as the “new Rome” Legalizes and promotes Christianity

9. Where on this map would you build a capital for a great empire? WHY?

10. Mediterranean Region

11. The City of Constantinople (Istanbul) Capital of Eastern Roman Empire— deeply influenced by Roman model City organized into districts and hills like Rome Survived repeated riots, wars, and 88 leaders! 1453 renamed Istanbul after conquest by Turks… still a major capital city and center of culture Surrounded on three sides by water—easy to defend (13 miles of walls, watchtowers) Control of Bosporus Strait makes it a hub for land and sea trade Center of culture, food, religion, and economic activity Bridges East, West, ancient, modern— Greek, Arabic, Christian, Islamic

12. Istanbul today

13. Byzantine Crossroads: Economic and Cultural Ethnic and cultural diversity of Byzantine Empire Trade routes connect three continents Merchants come from far & wide to trade Missionaries spread new ideas Art and architecture styles from East and West Exchanges… China: SILK/Christian missionaries India: spices, pepper, jewels/Ivory Africa: ivory, gold/Silk Spain: cork, grain/bronze France: wool, wines/silk England: iron, tin/ancient Greek literature

14. Architecture, Religion & Power Byzantine rulers build a city to make others marvel—meant to impress! Architecture reflects values: grandeur, ability, power, religious devotion Hagia Sophia as perfect Byzantine model –Plain outside represents daily life, world around –Beautiful inside represents ideal spiritual/religious life— promotes Christianity Style spread across empire and beyond Became a Mosque, then a museum

15. Hagia Sophia (interior)

16. Politics of the Byzantines: The Emperor Justinian 16 th ruler (rules 527-565) Devout, determined, stubborn Ambitious military leader— taxes heavily to pay for expansion Rules church and state—religious and political authority Revises and establishes new legal code: The Corpus Juris Civilis (civil law)—comes to be known as Justinian Code Massive building program to show his power and authority –Builds hospitals, public baths, libraries, statues, parks, monasteries, cathedrals, and more!

17. And… Empress Theodora Justinian: another emperor who married well! Theodora: a commoner, former circus performer, actress, force of nature! Loved adventure and travel Active in politics –Social welfare programs –Care for the poor –Expand rights of women Advised Justinian  Put down rebellions harshly __>Sent troops and killed 30,000 people…”peace” was restored __>Protect the city against riots and invasions

18. Religious Change: East and West Divide Increasing separation between Eastern and Western Christianity Disagreement over use of icons –Used to teach in West— high illiteracy means images are very important –Some in East dislike icons, others use them for devotion –1054 the churches split Differences in… –Language (Latin/Greek) –Politics (Holy Roman Empire/Byzantine) –Authority (Pope/patriarchs) –Clergy Icons are pictures that show important individuals or sacred events. They can be paintings, mosaics, or wooden panels. Here is a Greek icon of Mary and Jesus

19. Byzantines as Great Power… By the 7 th century, Byzantine Empire is a major power in trade, religion, culture, military By in the 8 th century, Islamic Empire begins to emerge What conflicts do you predict?

20. Close On a notecard or piece of scrap paper, please answer… –What helped make the Byzantine Empire successful? List at least one economic, one geographic, and one political factor