1. Unit IX: Imperialism & WWI

2. Imperialism  Define Imperialism:  Pre-Civil War: US isolation  What forces lead the US to imperialize  Yellow journalism, power, need for new resources, frontier is closed, industry wants new markets, Darwinism  Cap’t Alfred Thayer Mahan wrote a book that said successful nations had great navies (lead to $$ in our navy)  Regions we are interested in:  Caribbean  Hawaii  Asia

3. Early US Involvement  Review Monroe Doctrine  Alaska 1867  Tension with Europe over Latin America  Remind them of the Monroe Doctrine  Almost go to war with England over land in South America  After dispute, our relationship changes with England (start of good relationship)  We try to improve our image in Latin America (not very effective)  Gain Pacific Islands in 1800’s- Samoa & Wake Island

4. Hawaii  Had been an independent kingdom, but many Americans invest in Hawaii (sugar cane)  1870’s -1880’s, we gain access to Pearl Harbor for trade  1870’s Hawaiian sugar can enter the US “duty free” (no tariffs), but 1890 McKinley tariff ends that  Americans in HI upset, so the solution is to annex HI  1893 White pop. revolts & overthrows Queen Liliuokalani  President Cleveland sends a commission to investigate & orders the Queen to be restored  President McKinley will annex HI in 1898

5. Spanish-American War  1895 Cuba revolts against Spain  Remember we’ve always been interested in Cuba (Ostend Manifesto)  Americans are torn on whether we should help  Some believe it’s similar to our war for independence  Others think we should focus on our own problems (McKinley was anti-war)  Cubans want our help  **interesting group of those who opposed & supported war  Journalists exaggerate the problems in Cuba (use of Yellow journalism) and more Americans support revolt  There were major atrocities by the Spanish

6. Spanish-American War  2 causes of US involvement:  De Lome letter-  Sinking of USS Maine (we learn later it was a pure accident)  260 killed  April 1898 Congress declares war  Prep for war:  Pass Teller Amendment- promising Cuba their independence  Assistant secretary to the Navy (TR) sends US Navy (under Com. Dewey) to Philippines to prepare for war (another Spanish colony eager for independence)

7. Spanish-American War Fighting  Cuba  US troops not prepared for tropical climate (disease is a major problem)  TR quits job & creates a volunteer army called Rough Riders (before his presidency)  Philippines  Filipino insurgents led by Emilio Aguinaldo welcome US troops  War is very short & armistice is signed in August 1898  “a splendid little war”

8. http://www.owasso.k12.ok.us/webpages/gyankey/re gadvhandouts.cfm?subpage=313704

9. Treaty of Paris  Cuba independent  We gain Puerto Rico, Guam & Philippines  Philippines upsets Americans & Filipino people (wanted independence)  Americans thought it was “un-American”  Anti-Imperialist League opposed acquisition (Twain, Gompers, Carnegie)  Problems with treaty:  Very controversial  Barely passes Congress

10. http:// www.mark-carlile.com/id8.htm

12. What to do with the islands?  Puerto Rico  Foraker Act gives limited gov’t  Insular Cases- Congress has power to decide what to do with PR  Cuba  Help the islands rid of yellow fever, build roads, hospitals  Americans want ability to influence Cuba, so force new gov’t to adopt Platt Amendment (violates Teller Amendment)  Give US land for military  Limit Cuba’s debt  US can intervene as needed  **resented by Cubans

13. Impact of S-A War  Gain land  Controversy over Philippines (war to come later)  Affirms our presence as a world power  Closed tension b/w North & South

14. Trouble in the Philippines  Resent that they didn’t gain independence when Cuba did  We need their location for access to Pacific  Revolt 1899 by Aguinaldo  Atrocities on both sides & guerilla warfare  US finally puts down rebellion  Independence comes in 1946

15. ASIA

16. Open Door Policy  Europe traded freely in China & we fear we’ve been left out  Sec. of State John Hay writes Open Door Note to other powers suggesting that we “share” China  Attempt to gain access to trade  It works  Chinese reject foreign intervention with Boxer Rebellion  Put down by joint forces

18. Chinese Exclusion Act  Tension on the west coast with Irish & Chinese workers  Violence towards Chinese (due to job competition)  1880’s Gov’t passes legislation to limit Chinese immigration to only skilled workers  No un-skilled workers (same people who build RR)  1 ST Time in history that immigration is limited

19. LATIN AMERICA

20. TR & Imperialism  Believed in Big Stick Diplomacy  “speak softy & carry a big stick”  Adds on to Monroe Doctrine with Roosevelt Corollary: ‘Police Power’  We can back up this statement  No one can bully Latin America, but us  Hurts our relationship with LA- “bad neighbor policy”

22. Panama Canal  US had a desire & need for a canal in Central America  Nicaragua & Panama were the options, but a French company already started a route in Panama  FR desperate to get out & wanted to sell  US buys option, but Panama is part of Colombia & they refuse to allow the US to build canal ( we offer $$ but still told no)  FR Company panics, so they encourage Panama to rebel (US encourages revolt too, but not actively involved)  Panama gains independence & wow they allow the US to build canal  We offer money to Colombia anyways

23. Impact of Canal  Greatest engineering accomplishment since trans. RR  Connects Atlantic with Pacific (quick route)  1904-1914 Cost of $400 million  Hurts our relationship with Latin America due to revolt  TR gets credit for building canal & bad press  **Opens for business on 8-15-1914 and in 1999 U.S. returns the Canal to Panama

24. Panama Canal http://www.canalmuseum.com/

27. TR’s other foreign Policy  Negotiates peace b/w Japan & Russia  Wins Nobel Peace Prize  Great White Fleet  Sends US navy around the world to show off & remind everyone of “big stick diplomacy”  Gentleman’s Agreement  San Francisco school districts segregates Japanese kids from white students-> Japanese gov’t is furious  Make a deal with TR to limit immigration to only skilled workers if schools are integrated  2 nd time in history, an immigrant group is limited (1 st : Chinese)

29. Taft & Imperialism  Taft practiced Dollar Diplomacy-  Particularly in Latin America

30. Wilson’s Imperialism  Goal: was anti-imperialistic & wanted to improve relations with Latin America  Stops dollar diplomacy  Preps Philippines for independence with Jones Act  Reality: events happen that lead Wilson to take action  Sends forces to Haiti & Dominican Republic to put down revolt  Bought Virgin Islands from Denmark (protect canal)

31. Problems in Mexico  Revolts in MX & people upset with US exploitation  Leads to massive immigration to US  Wilson refuses to acknowledge current leader of MX (Huerta)  Provides weapons to two rebels groups  Lead by Carranza & Pancho Villa (rivals), but Carranza comes to power (1914)  Tampico Incident  US sailors arrested in MX & Wilson ready to use force if needed  ABC powers intervene & mediate the conflict (Argentina, Brazil & Chile) 1916: Villa upset & raids US towns -> forces sent to capture Villa, but not successful

32. WWI

33. Start of WWI  Causes: MANIA  Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism & Assassination (US guilty of many of these characteristics too)  Spark: assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand  US response: NEUTRALITY  Germany- hoped German immigrants in US would support War (they don’t)  Agents try to win over Americans, but it fails

34. Information to know  Austria-Hungary www.wikipedia.com

35. America & neutrality  Businesses realize the economic opportunities with war- willing to trade with both & loan money  $2 billion to Allies & $27 million to central powers  Overwhelmingly trade with Allied forces (due to location)  Upsets Germans who launched submarine warfare around England  Wilson asserts that US ships should have freedom of the seas since we are “neutral”  Germans sink Lusitania (British ship carrying Americans)  Wilson warns the Germans, but they sink more ships- Arabic & Sussex  Germans issue Sussex pledge to warn US ships before they are attacked

36. America & neutrality  Even though we are still neutral, US is prepping for war  Size of military is expanded  Income taxes increased (pay for potential war)  January 1917: Germany announces it will fire on armed and unarmed ships  Election of 1916- Wilson defeats Charles Evan Hughes on the platform that he kept us out of the war  Before our entry, he develops the 14 points  Idealistic goals for peace  Creation of the League of Nations (peace-keeping organization)

37. America’s entry in WWI  Zimmermann Note March 1917  Secret letter that proposed an alliance between MX & Germany  Russian Czar overthrown in 1917  Easier for US to join Allied Powers  Wilson asks Congress for war April 1917  The world must be safe for democracy

38. American War effort  Numerous boards & committees created to run the war effort & maintain support  Committee on Public Info (George Creel)- propaganda  War Industries Board (Bernard Baruch) –tells factories what to produce  Food Administration (Hoover)- encourage volunteer rationing  Wheatless Wednesdays  Fuel Admin  National War Labor Board (Taft)- settle labor disputes  AFL supports the war  IWW (new union) is anti-war & more radical (leader: William Haywood)

42. Other efforts to encourage support  Passage of 18 th Amendment  Sacrifice & somewhat anti-German  Paying for war: increases taxes, loans & selling war bonds  Create a draft  Espionage & Sedition Act  Limit criticism of war  Many imprisoned (IWW workers & Debs)  Socialists & IWW were both anti-war  Legislation was challenged, but S. Court ruled in Schenck v. US that limitations were allowed when there was a “clear & present danger”  You can’t scream “fire” in a crowded building

43. Minorities & WWI  German Americans were under scrutiny for treason  Many German cultural items were banned  Beer halls closed, schools drop German, can’t listen to Beethoven  Sauerkraut-> liberty cabbage  African Americans  Many move north for jobs & to escape discrimination  Move known as Great Migration  Move sparks violence in all white towns & riots/tension exist during WWI  Move continues into 1920’s too  Many African Americans serve in segregated troops

45. Women & WWI  Traditional roles at 1 st -> War bond drives, conserve food, nurses  Over time, work in more male dominated fields  Many see this a breakthrough  Changes were limited & brief  Unions upset (want women in domestic work)  Lasting impact: 19 th amendment (right to vote) due to the work of:  NAWSA (Catt)  Militant group splinters off (led by Alice Paul)  Picket White House, hunger strikes, burn Wilson’s speeches  Impact: made NAWSA more acceptable to Wilson

46. WWI Fighting  Read your textbook over American military efforts in WWI  Focus on the new technology- machine guns, tanks, airplanes, gas  Trench warfare  Forces were segregated

47. End of war  November 11 th Germans sign an armistice  Bulgaria, Turkey, A-H already out  11 th hour, 11 th day of the 11 th month  Germans promised the peace treaty would be around the 14 points  Wilson prepares to attend peace treaty  1 st president to do so  Doesn’t invite any Republicans  Both actions are bad moves as Henry Cabot Lodge who was skilled in these matters-> hurts his attempt for the US to sign peace treaty

48. Treaty of Versailles  Italy, England, France & US  No Germany or Russia  Europe wants to punish Germany & doesn’t want to include the 14 points  Wilson has to compromise to keep the League of Nations  All blame on Germany (forced to pay $$ and accept all blame)  Leads to bitterness & resentment (all parties were to blame)

50. Treaty at home  Wilson comes home excited to have Congress sign the treaty  Faces major opposition lead by Henry Cabot Lodge  Some Americans think treaty is too harsh or not harsh enough  Wilson tours the country trying to gain support- Leads to exhaustion & a stroke  Lodge is worried about the League bringing the US into future wars (would lose power to declare war)  Willing to compromise, but Wilson refuses to compromise  Remember he’s already compromised a lot at Treaty meeting  Congress never signs the treaty & the US never joins the League of Nations  Will sign a separate peace with Germany later

52. Impact of WWI  Russia converts to communism (USSR)  US isolates themselves after the war  Problems brewing & US will avoid any conflict  Miss opportunity to become world power  Bitterness in Europe

53. Works cited  http://www.mrallsophistory.com/revision/the-paris-peace-conference- and-the-treaty-of-versailles.html http://www.mrallsophistory.com/revision/the-paris-peace-conference- and-the-treaty-of-versailles.html  www.wikipedia.com www.wikipedia.com  https://www.epals.com/projects/info.aspx?divid=diaspora https://www.epals.com/projects/info.aspx?divid=diaspora  http://legendarycmk.blogspot.com/ http://legendarycmk.blogspot.com/  http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/nfhtml/nfgal2.html http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/nfhtml/nfgal2.html  http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/graphic/large/Vers ailles.jpg http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/graphic/large/Vers ailles.jpg 