1. FIRST AID BASICS

2. Test Questions
There are only four questions on the test from this lecture.
They are in bright yellow on this slideshow.
There is also a 2-point extra credit question on the exam from this slideshow that is not in yellow.

3. Everyone should know how to:
1. Recognize injuries
2. Control bleeding
3. Know how to care for burns
4. Care for muscle, bone and joint injuries
5. Care for sudden illnesses

4. EMERGENCY ACTION STEPS
CHECK
CALL
CARE

5. CHECK THE SCENE Is the scene safe? What happened?
How many people are injured?
Are there bystanders who can help?

6. NOTE: Obtain Consent
From all mentally competent, conscious adult victims
Parent or guardian of minors or emotionally disturbed victims
If not available, first aid care must be given without consent.
If a victim is unconscious, badly injured or so ill that he/she cannot respond, consent is implied.

7. CALL 911 In the Following Circumstances
The victim is unconscious
Has trouble breathing
Has chest pain or pressure
Is bleeding severely
Has severe pain in the abdomen
Is vomiting or passing blood
Has seizures, a severe headache, or slurred speech
Appears to have been poisoned
Has injuries to the head, neck or back
Has possibly broken bones
Victim cannot be moved easily

8. When calling 911, have the following information ready
Location of the emergency with cross-streets
Phone number from which you are calling.
What happened?
How many people are involved?
What is being done?
DO NOT HANG UP FIRST!!!

9. CARE FOR THE VICTIM
Injuries are one of our nation's most important health problems. Most of us will have a significant injury at some time in our lives. Many injuries are preventable.
The five leading causes of injuries are:
Motor-vehicle accidents,
Falls, Poisonings,
Drowning,
Choking.

10. BLOODY NOSE

11. BLOODY NOSE Bloody noses are not usually painful.
They can be caused from:
an injury
high blood pressure
altitude changes

12. First Aid Treatment Encourage them to breathe through their mouth.
Have victim sit dawn and lean forward with chin toward chest.
Pinch the nostrils together firmly for a full 15 minutes.
If bleeding continues, apply ice pack to bridge of nose.
Put pressure in the upper lip just below the nose.
If the bleeding continues after another 15 minutes, repeat steps one more time.
If there is still bleeding after 45 minutes, seek medical help.

13. How to Make a Cold Compress
Put ice in a zip-lock plastic bag
Soak clean hand towel in cool water
Wring out the towel
Wrap the towel around the ice bag
Apply to area to reduce swelling, pain, or itchiness

14. BURNS

15. BURNS
Exposure to heat
Chemicals
Electricity
Radiation

16. Critical Burns Trouble breathing Covers more than one body part
Covers the eyes
On genitals
Victim is elderly
For critical burns, call 911

17. First Aid Treatment
Cool the burn immediately by immersing it in cold (not ice) water or placing it cold running water for at least 10 minutes.
A clean, cold, wet towel will reduce the pain.
For a minor mouth burn, victim can suck on ice.

18. For Severe Burns Do not remove pieces of cloth that stick to the burn.
Do not try to clean the burn.
Remove jewelry distal to the wound (tell the victim where you put the jewelry!).
Cover the burn with dry, sterile, non-adhesive dressing (separate toes and fingers).

19. Take Steps to Prevent Shock
Lay the victim flat
Elevate feet 12 inches
Maintain normal body temperature
Monitor breathing, circulation, and bleeding until help arrives.

20. CHOKING

21. CHOKING
If victim can cough or talk at all, leave them alone (stay close and encourage coughing)
If their hands are at their throat and they cannot speak, call 911 and do abdominal thrusts.

22. First Aid Treatment (Adult or child over 1 year old)
Call 911
Identify yourself and ask them if you can help (get consent)
Do not let a coughing person go away by themselves to the bathroom!
When doing abdomina1 thrusts, stand behind the victim
Wrap your arms around the victim's waist

23. Abdominal Thrust Problems
If too big (obese or pregnant), wrap arms under their armpits and do chest thrusts
If they are too tall, have them kneel.
If they are very short (or a child), you should do the kneeling.

24. Abdominal Thrusts
Make a fist. Place the thumb side of your fist in the middle of victim’s abdomen, just above the navel and well below the breast bone. Grasp your fist with your other hand.
Keeping your elbows out, press your fist with a quick, upward thrust into the victim's abdomen. Each thrust is a separate attempt to clear the airway.
Continue performing this maneuver until the obstruction is cleared or the victim loses consciousness.

25. If you are the one who is choking and you are by yourself:
Dial 911 from a land line (not a cell phone).
Get out where someone can see you.
Use the back of a chair or a table corner to give yourself abdominal thrusts.

26. If Victim Becomes Unconscious:
Position victim on back.
Check the mouth to see if the object is visible (sweep it out with a finger)
Pinch their nose shut, tilt their head back, cover their mouth with yours.
Attempt to ventilate.
If unsuccessful on first try, reposition to open airway and try again.
If you still cannot ventilate, do abdominal thrusts:

27. Abdominal Thrusts (Unconscious Victim)
Straddle the victim's thighs.
Place the heel of one of your hands against the middle of the victim's abdomen, just above the navel and well below the lower tip of the breastbone.
Place your other hand on top of your first hand.
Give up to 5 quick inward and upward thrusts.

28. Check the victim's mouth and do a finger sweep to remove the object if it has been dislodged.
If breathing has not been restored, open airway and attempt to give two more breaths.
If breaths won't go in, give another series of up to 5 thrusts, check mouth, and ventilate.
Continue this sequence until help arrives.

29. RESCUE BREATHING
This is a way to breathe air into someone’s lungs when they stop breathing.
Besides airway obstruction, there are other causes of lack of breathing:
Poison or drugs
Injury to the chest or lungs
Near drowning
Electrocution
Burns
Certain diseases or illnesses
Allergic reaction to insect bites or stings, or food
Shock
Heart attack or heart disease

30. EXTERNAL BLEEDING

31. First Aid Treatment Always try to use a protective barrier.
Locate the source of bleeding.
Using a sterile dressing or clean cloth, apply direct pressure to the wound.
Raise the bleeding part above the level of the victim's heart if it does not cause more pain.
If bleeding doesn't stop or if you need to free your hands, apply a pressure bandage.

32. Wounds Requiring Medical Attention
Bleeding that cannot be controlled
Deep injuries
Injury caused by dirty objects
Large or deeply embedded objects
Human or animal bites
Wounds that may cause a noticeable scar
Injury to the eye, eyelid or lip
Any injury where healing is in doubt
Any wound where infection may be or is present

33. EYE INJURIES

34. EYE INJURIES Foreign body in eye: Gently flush eye with water.
Chemical in eye:
Wash eye with water, flushing from nose outward.
Continue flushing until EMS arrives.

35. Injury to eyeball:
Never put direct pressure on eyeball.
Place victim on his/her back.
Do not attempt to remove any objects that have entered eyeball.
Place a sterile dressing around object.
Stabilize any impaled object in place.
Get medical attention immediately.

36. Blow to eye:
Apply cold compresses immediately and continuously for 20 minutes.
If eye discolors, pain persists, there is obvious bleeding in or around the eye, or vision is disturbed, seek medical help.

37. FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS

38. FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS
Chipped or cracked bones or complete breaks.
Open fracture: involves an open wound.
Closed fractures: skin is unbroken.
Dislocations
A bone separated or displaced from its normal position at a joint, involves ligament damage.
There will be swelling, heat, pain, and redness. There may be deformity or loss of function. Just because you can move it, does not mean it’s not broken!

39. First Aid Treatment
Call 911 if there is also bleeding. You still need to get them to the hospital if there’s a fracture.
Completely immobilize the injury before moving the victim.
Do not move a victim with a suspected injured hip, pelvis or upper leg unless necessary.
Do not attempt to straighten a suspected fracture or dislocation.

40. Basic Principles of Splinting
Splint only if possible without causing more pain and discomfort
Splint an injury in the position you find it
Immobilize the fractured bone and the joints above and below the fracture
Check circulation before and after splinting
Treat for shock

41. FROSTBITE

42. FROSTBITE
Ice crystals form in body tissues (usually the nose, ears, chin, cheeks, fingers or toes) restricting blood flow to the injured part.
Symptoms:
Lack of feeling in affected area
Skin appears waxy
Skin is cold to touch
Skin is white, yellow, or blue

43. First Aid Treatment Cover affected area, handling gently
Never rub the affected area
Warm the area by soaking in warm water (not hot)
Do NOT let the affected area touch the bottom or sides of the warm water container
Keep it in the water until skin is pink and warm
Bandage area with dry, sterile dressing
If fingers or toes are frostbitten, place cotton or gauze between them
Avoid breaking any blisters
Seek medical help as soon as possible

44. HYPOTHERMIA Life-threatening
The body's warming mechanisms fail to maintain normal body temperature and the entire body cools.
If body temperature drops below 95 'F, the heart begins to beat erratically (ventricular fibrillation) and eventually stops.
Death then occurs.

45. Signs and Symptoms: Shivering (may be absent in later stages)
Slow, irregular pulse
Numbness
Glassy stare
Apathy and decreasing levels of consciousness

46. First Aid Treatment Remove any wet clothing and dry the victim.
Warm the body gradually.
Wrap the victim in blankets or put on dry clothing.
Move victim to a warm environment
If available, apply hot water bottles or heating pads.
If victim is alert, give warm liquids to drink (no alcohol!)

47. HEART ATTACK

48. HEART ATTACK Chest discomfort, pain, pressure, squeezing or tightness
An aching, crushing, constricting feeling in the chest
Numbness or aching in the arms, neck, or jaw
Heavy sweating
Nausea
Shortness of breath

49. First Aid Treatment
Check for symptoms
Call 911
Care for victim

50. If Victim is Conscious
Have the victim stop activity and rest in a comfortable position.
Call 911
Loosen restrictive clothing.
Stay with them until help arrives

51. If Victim is Unconscious
Shake and shout to get a response
Call 911
Monitor ABCs
Airway
Breathing
Circulation

52. ABC’s Position the victim on their back. A. Open the airway.
B. Look, listen, and feel for breathing.
If not breathing, give 2 breaths
C. Check carotid pulse
If no pulse, give 15 chest compressions and two breaths.
After 4 cycles of this, check for breathing and circulation again.
If no circulation, continue CPR until help arrives.

53. HEAT STROKE

54. HEAT STROKE Especially susceptible: The very young Very old
Chronically ill
Overweight
Work in hot places
Athletes

55. Heat stroke is life-threatening
Brain damage and death may result if the body is not cooled quickly.
Symptoms:
Hot, dry, red skin (no sweat)
Fast, weak pulse
Fast, shallow breathing
Progressive loss of consciousness

56. First Aid Treatment Get the person out of the heat. Call 911
Cool the victim fast.
Immerse victim in cool bath or wrap in wet sheets and fan them.
If victim is conscious, offer cool water to drink.
Give one-half glass (4 oz.) every 15 minutes.

57. INSECT STINGS AND BITES

58. First Aid Treatment Wash area with soap and water
Cover affected area with a dressing
Apply cold pack with or without a salt pack

59. Salt Pack Mix small handful of salt with a few drops of water
Make a paste
Apply to insect bite or sting
Place cold compress on top

60. Allergic Reactions (Rare)
This is LIFE THREATENING!
Skin becomes red or swollen
Hives, itching, rash appears
Weakness, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness.
Difficulty breathing
Swelling obstructs airway
Death
Care for shock
If the person has their own anaphylaxis kit, assist them to use it.

61. Diseases from Tick Bites: Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Lyme Disease
Symptoms in a few days or weeks
A rash starts around the bite
Fever
Headache
Weakness
Pain in joint and muscles
Flu symptoms

62. For Ticks Coat the tick with Vaseline, wait for 10 minutes
Grasp it with tweezers close to the skin.
Pull gently and wait for it to release.
DO NOT try to burn it with a match or prick it with a pin.
If parts of the tick stay in the skin, obtain medical care.
Once tick is removed, wash area with soap and water.
Apply Triple Antibiotic ointment.
Observe the site periodically.
If rash develops, seek medical help.

63. BLACK WIDOW SPIDER BITES
Pain usually progresses up or down the bitten arm or leg, finally localizing in the abdomen and back. There may be pain in the muscles and soles of the feet, and eyelids may become swollen.
Muscle and chest pain or tightness, nausea, profuse perspiration, tremors, labored breathing and speech, and vomiting. In more serious cases, a weak pulse, cold clammy skin, unconsciousness, or convulsions may occur.

64. First Aid Treatment
Get medical attention immediately (Call poison control center).
Clean the site well with soap and water.
Apply a cool compress over the bite location
Keep the affected limb elevated to about heart level.
Try to keep the patient quiet and warm.

65. INTERNAL INJURIES

66. INTERNAL INJURIES Chest and Abdominal Injuries
The second leading cause of trauma deaths each year. Approximately 35% of all traffic fatalities in the U.S. involve chest injuries.
Injuries to the chest may result from falls, sports mishaps and crushing or penetrating forces. Organs such as the heart and lungs, and major blood vessels are the most likely to be injured.

67. Symptoms Difficulty breathing Severe pain Flushed, pale, or cool skin
Obvious deformity
Coughing up blood
Fast pulse and breathing
Nausea and vomiting
Weakness and thirst

68. First Aid Treatment Call 911 Monitor ABC's
Control any external bleeding (use protective barriers if you have them).
Care for shock.
If victim vomits, place victim on their side.

69. POISONING

70. POISON CONTROL CENTER
California

71. POISONING
Swallowed
Absorbed
Inhaled

72. Swallowed Poison Overdosing on medication Taking drugs with alcohol
Putting chemicals in unlabeled food containers
Medicines, plants and household products within reach of children

73. Signs and Symptoms Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Chest or abdominal pain
Breathing difficulty
Sweating
Loss of consciousness
Seizures
NOTE: Look for opened or spilled containers and overturned plants for clues as to poison source.

74. First Aid for Swallowed Poisons
Call Poison Control Center or 911
Monitor ABC's
Place victim on their side if vomiting.
Save containers and any vomit to give to medical personnel
DO NOT induce vomiting if victim
is unconscious
is having a seizure
is pregnant
has ingested corrosive substance
is known to have heart disease

75. Absorbed Poisons Insecticides Agricultural chemicals
Plants such as poison ivy, oak or sumac
Venom from certain marine life

76. Signs of Absorbed Poisons
Skin reaction, itching
Eye irritation
Changes in breathing and pulse
Headache

77. First Aid for Absorbed Poisons
Wash poison from skin
Remove clothing or other articles with poison on them
Monitor ABC's

78. Inhaled Poison
Carbon monoxide (from car exhaust, defective cooking equipment, fire and charcoal grills)
Carbon dioxide (from wells and sewers)
Smoke
Refrigeration gases
Fumes from spray chemicals
Industrial and home chemicals

79. Signs and Symptoms Dizziness Headache Breathing difficulty
Unconsciousness
Pale or bluish skin color

80. First Aid Treatment for Inhaled Poisons
Get the victim to fresh air as soon as possible
Place victim on their side if vomiting.
Follow directions from Poison Control Center or 911
Monitor ABC's
Be prepared to do rescue breathing or CPR if needed

81. SEIZURES

82. SEIZURES Head injury Disease Fever Infection Epilepsy Mild blackouts
Convulsions
Infants and young children are at risk of seizures from high fevers

83. Signs a Seizure is Coming On
Visual hallucinations
Hearing strange sounds
Strange taste or smell
An urgent need to get to safety
Mild blackouts
Sudden uncontrolled muscle contractions (convulsions) lasting several minutes

84. First Aid Treatment for Seizures
Check victim to see if they are wearing a medical alert tag
Call 911 in the following circumstances:
Has continuous or recurring seizures (more than 1 per hour)
Does not awaken between seizures
Is ill or injured
Has never had seizures before
Has diabetes or high blood pressure
Is pregnant
Has seizures that last longer than 2 minutes
Had a seizure in the water

85. During the Seizure
If you are there when episode is coming on, try to protect the victim from falling; help them down.
Remove any hard or sharp objects from the area.
Loosen any tight clothing, particularly around victim's neck.
Do NOT restrain the victim
Do NOT place anything between the victim's teeth
Do NOT move the victim unless he/she is in danger.
Do NOT perform rescue breathing on a seizure victim, even if he or she is turning blue
Do NOT give victim anything by mouth until the seizure has stopped and victim is fully awake.

86. After the Seizure Stops
If you do not suspect spinal injury, place victim on their side
Most seizure victims regain consciousness but then go into a deep sleep
Do NOT try to prevent the victim from sleeping after the seizure.
Monitor the victim while they recover.
Stay with the victim until he/she fully regains consciousness or until medical help arrives.

87. SHOCK

88. SHOCK
Shock occurs when the body cannot adjust to the stress from an illness or injury. The circulatory system fails to provide enough oxygen to the body. Shock is life-threatening.
NOTE: Shock can be caused by sudden illness, such as a heart attack or injury, especially injuries resulting in severe bleeding. It can also result from emotional stress.

89. First Aid Treatment for Shock
Call 911
Check victim to see if they are wearing a medical alert tag
Do NOT give the victim anything by mouth.
Check the ABC's
Place victim flat and elevate his/her feet 8 to 12 inches.
Try to maintain body temperature.
Give first aid for any underlying illness or injury.

90. STROKE

91. STROKE
A stroke is disruption of the blood flow to the brain due to a blot clot.
Other Common Causes:
Bleeding from a ruptured artery in the brain
A head injury
High blood pressure
A weak area in an artery wall (aneurysm)
Fat deposits lining an artery (atherosclerosis)
A tumor or swelling from the head injury compressing an artery.

92. Signs and Symptoms
Sudden weakness and numbness of face, arm or leg, often on one side only
Difficulty speaking or understanding speech
Blurred or dimmed vision
Pupils of the eyes unequal in size
Dizziness
Confusion
Sudden severe headache
Ringing in the ears
Change in mood
Unconsciousness
Loss of bowel or bladder control

93. First Aid Treatment Call 911 or get victim to the hospital Check ABC's
Have victim rest in a comfortable position.
Do NOT give victim anything by mouth.
Stay with victim until medical help arrives.
If victim loses consciousness, place him/her on their side in the recovery position.
Continue to monitor ABC's until medical help arrives

94. SPINAL AND HEAD INJURIES

95. SPINAL INJURIES
Improper care of injuries to the neck and back can lead to paralysis and possibly death.
When in doubt, assume there is a spinal injury.
The leading causes of spinal injuries are motor vehicle accidents, falls, acts of violence, and sports.

96. Causes of Head Injuries
A fall from a height greater than the victim's height
Any diving mishap
Severe blunt force to head or trunk
Penetrating injury such as a gunshot wound
A motor vehicle crash involving people not wearing seat belts
Any person thrown from a motor vehicle
Any injury in which a protective helmet is broken
Any incident involving a lightning strike

97. Signs and Symptoms Changes in levels of consciousness
Severe pain or pressure in head, neck, or back
Tingling or loss of sensation
Loss of movement in any body part
Unusual bumps or depressions on head or spine
Blood in the nose or ears
Seizures
Impaired breathing or vision
Nausea or vomiting
Persistent headache
Loss of balance.

98. First Aid Treatment Call 911 Minimize movement of the head and spine.
Monitor the ABC's
Control any external bleeding.
Treat for shock and maintain normal body temperature

99. If Accident Occurs in Water:
Do NOT jump or dive into the water near the victim.
Approach victim carefully, to prevent unnecessary waves from causing further injury.
Move victim to surface of water, and rotate victim so they can breathe.
Move victim to shallow water if possible.
If you do not have a backboard, support victim in the water until EMS arrives.
Check for breathing.
Monitor ABC's
Treat for shock.

100. SPRAINS

101. SPRAINS
A sprain is the partial or complete tearing of ligaments and other tissues at a joint.
The more torn ligaments there are, the more severe the injury is.
The severity can range from a minor sprain to a major injury, which may rupture the ligament and require surgical repair.

102. Signs and Symptoms Mild to severe tenderness Swelling
Possible looseness in joint
Deformity
Associated muscle spasm
Snapping or tearing sound

103. First Aid Treatment Do NOT allow victim to move unassisted.
Do NOT allow victim to put stress on injured area.
Care for shock.
Monitor ABC's
RICE: Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation
Rest from activities for at least 48 hours
Ice for 20 minutes on, 20 minutes off
Compression with Ace wrap from distal to proximal, include all skin in the wrap (leave no gaps)
Elevate above heart as much as possible for 3 days

104. Be Safe!

105. THANK
YOU