1. TERRORISM

2. Unit Objectives Define terrorism.
Identify potential targets in the community.
Identify CERT operating procedures for a terrorist incident.
Describe the actions to take following a suspected terrorist incident.

3. What Is Terrorism?
The unlawful use of force or violence committed by a group or individual against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.
--U.S. Department of Justice

4. Domestic Attacks

5. World Trade Center (1993).

6. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City (1995)

7. Atlanta Olympic Games (1996)

8. Family planning clinics in Atlanta (1996 and 1997)

9. World Trade Center and the Pentagon (2001)

10. Terrorist Goals Mass casualties Loss of critical resources
Disruption of vital services
Disruption of the economy
Individual and mass panic

11. Terrorist Targets
Terrorist select “soft” or lightly protected targets over “hard” or very secure targets.
Terrorists may also be drawn to major events such as parades or athletic events. Because of this, you may see increased security measures to help deter and prevent terrorism.

12. Terrorist Targets

13. Terrorist Targets

14. Terrorism Exists Because. . . .
It is cheap
It is mobile
It is low tech
It is deniable
It is more effective than the political process
It is less drastic than total warfare
And it WORKS!

15. Terrorist Weapons
Biological
Nuclear
Chemical
Incendiary
Explosives

16. Biological Weapons Targets: People, animals, crops Routes of exposure:
Inhalation, ingestion, absorption
Agents:
May take days or weeks to be confirmed.
May spread far beyond initial contamination point.
Considered high risk.

17. Biological Weapons Biological agents are in three groups, Toxins Ricin
Bacteria
Anthrax
Viruses
Small Pox

18. Biological Weapons
Only 2 known successful etiological attacks in the USA;
751 persons were stricken with salmonella in September 1984 due to intentional contamination of food at 10 restaurants in Wasco County, Oregon
The other attack was when British soldiers gave small pox exposed blankets to native American Indians.

19. Biological Weapons
Transmission of these Biological Weapons would most likely be accomplished by aerosol dissemination.

20. Biological Weapons Symptoms don't show up for hours or days.
Most are not person to person transmitted except for Small Pox, Ebola Virus and Pneumonic Plague.
Position Uphill, Upwind.
Respiratory and Protective Clothing.

21. Biological Weapons Strip, Decon with soap and water Bag clothing
Antidotes/First Aid =
Strip, Decon with soap and water
Bag clothing
Most antidotes are ineffective.
NOTE: In specific situations, a 5% solution of bleach may be effective as a decon solution

22. Nuclear Weapons Much different than conventional weapons:
Many casualties
Very large area affected
Long-term health effects
Considered relatively low risk

23. Nuclear Weapons
Types of radiation:
Alpha
Beta
Gamma

24. Nuclear Weapons Alpha Least dangerous externally
More dangerous internally
Particles are large
Travel only a few feet

25. Nuclear Weapons Beta Smaller particles Some penetration
Causes more skin damage

26. Nuclear Weapons Gamma Most dangerous
Can penetrate into and through the body

27. Nuclear Weapons Radiation Devices Improvised nuclear device:
An actual nuclear weapon explosion (conventional bomb plus radioactive material).
Radiological dispersal device:
Bomb laced with radioactive material or a failed nuclear device.

28. Nuclear Weapons Hazards Radiation Sickness Radiation Injury
Radiation Poisoning

29. Nuclear Weapons Radiation Sickness
Caused by exposure to large amounts of radiation.
Symptoms:
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhage, and lowers the body's resistance to disease and infection.
Symptoms occur the day after the exposure and may last a few days.
Depending on the exposure, it may take seven to eight weeks to recover.

30. Nuclear Weapons Radiation injury:
Consists of localized injuries such as skin burns, skin lesions, and loss of hair caused by radiation.
Occur from high amounts of the less penetrating types of radiation like beta particles.
Usually confined to the hands, since such large amounts of exposure generally occur during improper handling of radiation sources.

31. Nuclear Weapons Radiation poisoning:
Caused by dangerous amounts of internal radiation.
Anemia and cancer.
Internal exposure from alpha particles is the most common cause of radiation poisoning.

32. Nuclear Weapons
Radiation sickness, injury, and poisoning are NOT contagious or infectious.
Treating or helping a victim who has been exposed to radiation WILL NOT expose emergency response personnel to radiation.
If the victim is covered with radioactive material like dust, the material can contaminate responders and cause radiation sickness.

33. Incendiary Devices Used to initiate combustion Easy to use
Considered high risk/low impact
Easy to make
3 main parts
Igniter or fuse
Container or body
Incendiary material or filler

34. Chemical Agents Five types Components readily available
Blister
Blood
Choking
Nerve
Irritants (Riot – Control Agents)
Components readily available
Onset of symptoms from immediate to 18 hours
Considered moderate risk

35. Blister Agents First used in WW1, developed to get around gas masks.
Smells like garlic, sulfur or geraniums.
Mustard (effect delayed)
Nitrogen Mustard (effect delayed)
Lewisite (effect immediate)
All are heavier than air and can be absorbed through skin, lungs, and eyes.

36. Blister Agents Signs/symptoms of exposure;
Reddening of eyes/gritty irritation, reddening of skin, severe itching/burning of skin, blisters with/without pain, sore throat, hoarseness, dry cough /nausea /vomiting.
Signs/symptoms may not present until 2-24 hours after exposure.
Blister Agents are an immediate inhalation hazard, 30 minutes on the skin and most exposures will be fatal.
Eyes are the most vulnerable.
80% of decontamination will be accomplished by removing the clothing.

37. Blister Agents Victims usually die from secondary infection.
In WWI 25% of all U. S. casualties were from blister agents. (70,000 casualties of 272,000 total casualties), however only 2% were fatal.

38. Blister Agents Antidotes/First Aid =
Immediately wash skin and clothes with 5% solution of sodium hypochlorite or liquid household bleach within one minute.
Cut and remove contaminated clothing, flush contaminated skin area again with 5% sodium hypochlorite solution, then wash contaminated skin area with soap and water, (30 minute window on skin or Death).
Treatment by Medical Personnel.

39. Blood Agents First used in WW1. Smell like Bitter Almonds.
Hydrogen Cyanide (lighter than air)
Cyanogen Chloride (heavier than air)
Absorbed into the bloodstream and deprive blood cells of oxygen.
Exposure may be made through liquid or vapor contact with any exposed skin, inhalation, or ingestion.

40. Blood Agent Signs/symptoms Headaches Strong stimulated breathing
Loss of consciousness / convulsions
Apnea
Reddish Skin and Lips.
Quick gulp of air, DEATH in minutes.
“Bluish” across the nose and cheeks and around the mouth.

41. Blood Agent
If the poisoning occurs rapidly there is no time for symptoms to develop and exposed persons may then suddenly collapse and die.

42. Choking Agents First used in WW1
Smells; Newly mowed hay, Pool chlorine.
Phosgene- Frequently created accidentally at home by combining bleach and ammonia.
Chlorine, Currently used widely in water and wastewater plants.
Sulfur Dioxide- Currently used widely in wastewater plants.

43. Choking Agents Attack the lungs.
Following exposure through inhalation, the lungs fill with fluid, which prevents oxygen from being absorbed by, and carbon dioxide from being removed from, the blood.
Death results from lack of oxygen and is similar to drowning.

44. Choking Agents
Antidotes/First Aid = Treatment by Medical Personnel.

45. Nerve Agents
Developed in the 1930’s. G in name means it was designed in Germany.
Smells;
G= Colorless but may be have fruity odor,
Vx= Odorless, sulfur odor if impure and liquid is slight yellow color.
GA (Tabun)
GB (Sarin)
GD (Soman)
VX (no name) (heavier than air and can be absorbed through eyes /lungs /skin.)

46. Nerve Agents Affect the central nervous system. Quickest acting
Most lethal of all chemical agents, acting within seconds of exposure.
Victims of nerve agents experience constricted pupils, runny nose, shortness of breath, convulsions, and cessation of breathing.

47. Nerve Agents Signs/symptoms of exposure; Pinpoint pupils
Runny nose/salivation
Tightness of the chest
Coughing, jerking, and twitching
Difficulty breathing
Nausea /vomiting /diarrhea
Sudden loss of consciousness
Convulsions / apnea.

48. Nerve Agent
Sarin (GB), Soman (GD) and Tabun (GA) have a 2-3 hour duration.
"VX" last days or weeks in an oily state, it is a persistent chemical.

49. Nerve Agent
Antidotes/First Aid = Auto injector, Hose down first except VX, Remove clothing then Decon.
(30 minute window on skin or Death). Treatment by Medical Personnel.
Death usually occurs within two minutes of receiving a lethal dose.
For VX decon with bleach solution.
For GB decon with a caustic soda solution.

50. Riot – Control Agents Lachrymators cause tears and eye pain.
Sternutators / Vomiting agents
cause the victim to sneeze and / or vomit

51. Riot – control Agents Cause respiratory distress and tearing
Designed to incapacitate rather than kill.
Riot-control agents cause intense pain, especially in the moist areas of the body.
Common riot-control agents include
CS (also known as “tear” gas)
Capsicum (also called pepper spray).

52. Riot – Control Agents Signs/Symptom: Irritated eyes, nose and throat.
Antidotes/First Aid:
Flush with cold water. Treatment by medical Doctor.

53. Mechanical Devices Terrorists “weapons of choice” Can be:
Military munitions
Improvised explosive devices
Consider Secondary Devices
Considered high risk

54. Mechanical Devices Most successful terrorist tool.
70% of successful terrorism is through the use of BOMBS.
Incendiary devices are used in 25% of all bombings.
Explosions result in secondary hazards being formed, including poisonous gases and/or oxygen depleted or enriched atmospheres.

56. Secondary Devices Anticipate multiple devices targeted at the first
responders.
Manage the scene effectively:
Establish exclusion zone of at least 1000’.
Set up functions 2000’ to 4000’ uphill, upwind
and behind protective cover.
Provide for rapid evacuation.
Searches should be conducted by qualified personnel.

57. What Is the Risk?

58. B-NICE Indicators Environmental indicators:
Sick or dead animals, fish, or birds
Unscheduled spraying
Vapor clouds or mists
Absence of crops, wildlife, or insects

59. B-NICE Indicators Environmental indicators:
Out of place and unattended packages, boxes, or vehicles
Packages that are leaking
Unusual materials or equipment
Small explosions that disperse liquids, mists, or gases
Unusual odors or tastes

60. B-NICE Indicators Physical indicators:
Many casualties without signs of obvious trauma
Victims who are exhibiting similar symptoms
Large numbers seeking medical attention

61. Preparing for Terrorism
Size - up
Assembling a disaster supply kit.
Identify a safe room and meeting place outside of the home or workplace.
Develop a family communication plan.
Learn shelter-in-place procedures.

62. Shelter-in-Place Procedures
Shut off ventilation system.
Go to safe room with disaster supply kit.
Duct tape plastic sheeting over openings where outside air can come in.
Seal with duct tape other areas where air can come in.
Listen to battery-powered radio for all clear.

63. CERT Guiding Principles
Team safety is the number one priority.
Always do a thorough size-up.
Stop, look, listen, and think before taking any action.
What are the dangers?
What are team capabilities?
What are team limitations?

64. CERT Protocols Terrorist incidents are a stop sign
Take in the whole area during the size-up
CERTs will be very limited in what they can do.

65. CERTs and Terrorist Incidents
Any of the indications of a terrorist incident, you should:
Not touch it!
Move away from the object or area.
Report it to authorities.
Caution! Using cellular phones or two-way radios may detonate an explosive device!

66. Self-Care During Terrorist Incidents
At the incident:
Limit exposure time.
Increase the distance from the hazard.
Move upwind and uphill
Rule of thumb
Add shielding.

67. Basic Decontamination Procedures
Leave the contaminated area.
Take decontamination action.
Remove everything.
Wash hands before using them to shower.
Shower or flush with cool water.
Blot dry.
Report for decontamination.

68. Decontamination Procedures

69. “Warm Zone” Evacuation & Decontamination Area
Establishing Zones
“Cold Zone” Safe Area
“Warm Zone” Evacuation & Decontamination Area
“Hot Zone”
Incident
Contaminated Area
Wind Direction

70. To Avoid Becoming A Terrorist Target
Helpful Hints
To Avoid Becoming A Terrorist Target

71. Refer to State Department web sites
Travel and Terrorism
FOREIGN
Refer to State Department web sites
Obtain addresses and phone numbers for Embassies/Consulates in countries you visit

72. Travel Copy travel documents Keep separate
Give a copy to family or friend not traveling with you

73. Safe Orientation Carry a map at all times
Know your location of “Safe Havens” (Police, Fire, EMS, Hospitals, etc)
Mark them on your map prior to embarking on your trip

74. Air Travel Allow extra time at airports for security
Always pack your own bags
Do not accept items others ask you to pack
Limit time in ticket area by traveling off peak hours

75. Airports Limit time in unsecured concourse areas
i.e. Shopping or Eating areas
Report any suspicious bag or package seen
Move away from the object, notify security
Sit close to your assigned gate away from windows

76. On The Aircraft Request exit aisle seats or rear seats near aisle
Know where the exits are at all times

77. Taxis Hail your own taxis
Always request a taxi or shuttle that maintains appropriate credentials
Use hotel for reliable transportation sources

78. Automobile travel Rental car; keep gas tank as full as possible
Park facing out, in order to pull out not back out
Circle car prior to entry, look for suspicious activity in your car or near you

79. Autos Keep the windows up and doors locked
Travel on high traffic roads
Be cautious of slow moving vehicles or cars attempting to limit your movements

80. Driving Check your rearview mirror frequently
If some is following you, proceed to one of the “Safe Havens” marked on your map
Vary the routes you travel

81. Hotel Obtain a room between the Second and Sixth floor
Enter and exit hotels at varied times and using varied entrances and exits
Know emergency exits and routes

82. Hotel Secure all personal documents in room safe or hotel safe
Keep ALL room keys with you at all times
Keep doors and windows locked at all times
Never open the door to unknown individuals

83. Personal Wear nondescript clothing Carry nondescript luggage
Careful about tags and stickers
Avoid the appearance of a tourist (carrying cameras, luggage, etc)

84. Personal Carry all essential personal items with you at all times
Passport w/visa,
Carry or put in hotel safe
checkbook, credit cards, cash, undesirable ID (military, religious, associations, etc.)
Carry a piece of hotel stationary with you for address and phone number

85. Public When traveling with a group, stay together
Designate one or more meeting points to reunite
When in a place of public assembly, position yourself
away from windows
near exit

86. Public Know where the closest exit or cover is at all times
Avoid restaurants and social places that cater to Americans
If attack occurs, hit the ground- DO NOT RUN !
Lie on your stomach with your feet and knees together and soles facing the attack

87. THE END