1. Phillip IICardinal Richelieu King of Spain who established a vast empire and attempted to remove Protestantism Power Hungry ruler of France establish an absolute monarchy Lead via moral principles

2. Louis XIVJean Baptist Colbert Ruled for 72 years ABSOLUTE RULER of France LOVED his LEGS!!! Minister of Finance under Louis XIV French Sought to enrich the country (economy crashed after his death)

3. Thirty Years WarMaria Theresa Began because of differences in religion and territorial claims New nations like GERMANY and SWEDEN (and others) were established NATIONALISM rose Most powerful female ruler in Europe (perhaps ever) Ruler of Hapsburg family line which ended with her

4. Frederick the Great7 Years War Remembered as an Enlightened Despot Absolute ruler who gave ppl some rights After his death, rights went away Shifted the balance of power in Europe. Wars caused countries to lose colonial holdings in America

5. Ivan the TerriblePeter the Great Expanded Russia Killed his daughter-in- law’s baby (kicked to death) Killed his son (skull smash) RULED THROUGH FEAR – (boiled folks in oil, peeled their skin off…) 1 st to Westernize Russia Created navy Change traditions like dress and facial hair

6. Charles IEnglish Civil War Absolute Ruler in England Dissolved Parliament when they wanted too many rights Caused English Civil War Fought bc of clash with Charles I Executed king Resulted in a commonwealth ruled by Cromwell

7. Oliver CromwellGlorious Revolution Ruler after the English Civil War Promised to make England more just and fair He didn’t rule fairly and he was PUT TO DEATH James II was disliked by the people (he was catholic) Parliament recruited James II’s daughter and husband to take over (William and Mary) King kicked out

8. Scientific RevolutionGalileo A New way to look at science Challenged traditional thought Thought should be based on logic and reason (not THE CHURCH) Italian who thought the earth revolved around sun Invented telescope Recanted most of his claims so he didn’t get excommunicated

9. Isaac NewtonJohn Locke Studied math and physics Laws of Gravity and Motion One of the most famous scientists of all time Started the modern age of thought “Starts” Enlightenment Says ppl have a contract with society and when rulers to hold up their end…REBEL

10. Voltaire Montesquieu Big time write of the Enlightenment Embodiment of an enlightened thinker Advocated for the separation of powers (Legislative, executive, and judicial) Catherine the Great Enlightened thinker of Russia Wanted to westernize Life actually got worse for peasants