1. the Reformation
Essential Question: “How are cultures diffused and to what extent can the outcomes of cultural diffusion be evaluated?”

2. Setting the Stage..
The rise of Christian Humanism, an interpretation of christianity inspired by Renaissance ideals, led to a new questioning of the Catholic Church.
The Reformation - the protestant break from the Catholic church - is another example of the impact of cultural diffusion on history.

3. The Reformation
On October 31, 1517, Martin Luther, a Catholic monk, posted his criticism of the Catholic church on door of the castle church in Wittenberg. He openly criticized the church from within, as well as, provide new teachings to reform the Christian Church.

4. The Reformation
By 1580, five prominent Protestant sects had developed from Luther’s initial criticisms, the Catholic Church had reformed their church, and Europe began a long struggle pitting Catholics against Protestants for the next two hundred years.

5. Essential Questions 1. What were the causes of the Reformation?
2. How and why did it spread?
3. What were the effects of the Reformation?
4. How is the Reformation an example of cultural diffusion that impacted society?

6. The Protestant Reformation

7. Do Now: Come up with two questions you have about the reformation after reading yesterday

8. Causes of The Reformation
1. Abuses of the Catholic Church
2. Renaissance Ideas
3. Political climate
4. Technological Innovations

9. Abuses of The Catholic Church
Uneducated priests with illegitimate kids
Church focused on “worldly” matters and finances
Ex. Patrons of arts and architecture, Built St. Peter's Basilica
Renaissance popes concerned with Italian politics
Leaders of Papal States, Julius II-“Warrior-Popes”

10. Catholic Church Abuses
Church leaders need for money led to increasing corruption
Simony - selling church offices
Pluralism - one person holding multiple offices
Absenteeism - church officials ignored duties
Indulgences - selling “get out of hell free” card

12. Stop and Summarize!
Take a moment to summarize the abuses of the Catholic Church in your notes. Write one to two sentences that sum up what we have just discussed! After your sentences include a cartoon that will help you remember the information. When you are finished, turn to one of your neighbors and share your summary and doodle.

13. Renaissance Influence
Better educated, critical, urban populace
Renaissance monarchs impatient with church power
Christian Humanism and focus on inward spirituality
Translation of works from latin to vernacular (common language i.e English, Italian, Dutch etc.. )

14. Stop and Summarize!
In one to two sentences, summarize how the Renaissance influenced the Reformation. After summarizing, create a graphic organizer (chart) showing how these elements of the Renaissance influenced the Reformation \

15. Political Climate: Henry VIII
King of England
Henry VIII - needs an heir to create political stability
He is married to Catherine of Aragon, the aunt of the Holy Roman Emperor, who cannot have more children (they have one girl)
Needs an annulment to re-marry and have a boy, but the pope will not grant one
Henry, however, still considered a male heir essential. The Tudor dynasty was new, and its legitimacy might still be tested.[38] A long civil war (1135–54) had been fought the last time a woman, (Empress Matilda), had inherited the throne. The disasters of civil war were still fresh in living memory from the Wars of the Roses.[39]
In 1520, Catherine's nephew Holy Roman Emperor Charles V[40]

16. Political Climate: Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V - Young, insecure and attempting to govern huge decentralized area
Faced attacks from outside - France and Turks
Circumstances within HRE favor Luther

17. Holy Roman Empire

18. Stop and Summarize!
Take a minute to summarize the political climate of the time in one to two sentences. After you summarize, come up with a characteristic you use to summarize each political leader that will help you remember the information!

19. Technological Innovation
Invention of Movable Type by Johann Guttenburg
Cheaper and faster to make paper documents - for indulgences, anti catholic works, bibles
Led to the quicker spread of ideas - such as questioning the church

20. Stop and Summarize!
Summarize why technology was important to the spread of the Renaissance in two sentences. Now make a 4 line poem about the impact of Guttenburg and the printing press.

21. Early Calls for Reform
Early 1400‘s -John Wycliffe of England and John Huss of Bohemia
Importance of the Bible over church leaders and against worldly popes
1490’s- Girolamo Savonarola
Called for people of Florence to burn worldly possessions --> one year later, he was killed for heresy
1500’s - Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More

22. Huss
Erasmus
More
Savonarola
Wycliffe
More
More

23. Who is Martin Luther?
Martin Luther was a monk from Germany troubled with church abuses and the sale of indulgences
Friar Tetzel - selling indulgences in Luther’s town of Wittenberg in 1517
Luther wrote the 95 theses - posted on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517
These listed Luther’s complaints and drew him into a heated debate

24. Luther’s Beliefs “Sola Fidei” (Salvation by Faith Alone)
good works and sacraments not needed - only faith to get to heaven.
“Sola Scriptura” (Authority of the Scriptures Alone) - Bible is only authority, not the pope.
The Priesthood of All Believers
All people equal to interpret bible

25. The Reluctant Revolutionary

26. Luther Continues to fight...
As Luther’s 95 Theses spread, Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther
Diet of Worms (1521) - Charles V put Luther on trial for beliefs
Edict of Worms (1521) - Luther declared an outlaw
But, Luther has developed followers throughout the HRE (Germany)
Various German princes protect him as his ideas continue to spread

27. Peace of Augsburg
After years of war with the German princes who follow Luther, Charles V is forced to come to an agreement for peace.
Peace of Augsburg (1555) - the ruler of each German state determined the religion (Protestant or Catholic) of his state
This leads to further division of Germany between Catholics and Protestants

28. The Reformation...After Luther
Throughout Luther’s years in hiding in Germany, he continues to write influential attacks against the Catholic Church
Others begin to read these works or hear about Luther’s successes and are inspired to break from the church for their own reasons.
In addition, some Catholics, instead of being pulled away from the church, renew their interest and devotion to their faith.

29. New Sects Spread

30. The Effects of the Reformation

31. Catholic Reformation Ignatius of Loyola -> Started the Jesuits
Goals: Education, spread Catholicism, stop Protestantism
Pope Paul III ( )
1. Investigated abuses
2. Approved Jesuits
3. Inquisition
4. Called for Council of Trent

32. The Inquisition - a Catholic judicial system designed to prosecute heretics

34. Council of Trent
when church officials agreed on reforms/doctrines
1. Church interpretation of bible was final
2. Faith and good works for salvation
3. Bible and Church tradition equally important
4. Indulgences were valid but false selling was banned

35. Council of Trent Index of Forbidden books
10,000 books burned in one day in Venice a

36. The six wives of Henry VIII
1. Catherine of Aragon - Divorced - Child: Mary
2. Anne Bolyen - Beheaded - Child: Elizabeth
3. Jane Seymour - Died - Child: Edward VI
4.Anne of Cleves - Divorced - Child: None
5. Catherine Howard - Beheaded - Child: None
6.Catherine Parr - Survived (Henry died first) - Child:None

38. England During and After Henry VIII
Religious turmoil during reign of Edward VI (Protestant) and Mary I (Catholic)
Elizabeth I inherited throne in 1558
Re-established Anglican church
Compromised between Catholics and Protestants

39. Long Live the Queen!

40. Spanish Armada Philip II of Spain to attack England on July 29, 1558
Spanish Armada ships, 8,000 sailors, 19,000 soldiers
England defeated Spain
“Protestant winds”

42. Effects of the Reformation
France
St. Bartholomew Day Massacre
French calvinists called Huguenots were killed for their beliefs
Edict of Nantes
Huguenots were granted rights by Henry IV

44. Legacy of The Reformation: Big ideas
1. Religion no longer united Europe
2. Growth of monarchs and modern nation states over the Church
3. Groundwork for the rejection of Christian beliefs and continued questioning of the world around us

45. Connecting to Essential Questions
Where did the Reformation spread?
How did the Reformation spread?
Why did the Reformation spread?
Impact?
How - spread through the printing press, Princes throughout germany changing to Lutheranism bc of tax issues, inability of Charles V to control HRE let to increase spreading, writing in the Vernacular and the increase in education from teh Renaissance
Why - a common questioning of the church hierarchy, growth in nationalism - ppl felt german vs just catholic, political reasons - leaders did not want to be under the authority of the pope anymore - wanted to have more power for themselves, belief in the catholic church as too corrupt