1. Physics In Europe  Ideas drawn from Astronomy, Optics, and Mechanics  Rational understanding of Nature  Early Physicians: Ptolemy, Archimedes, Aristotle  New Physicians: Copernicus, Galileo, Newton  More mathematical approach

2. Galileo Galilei  Made contributions to the law of motion  Came up with the basic idea of Newton’s 1 st law  Discovered the Law of Inertia  Heavily Supported Copernicus and the Heliocentric belief

3. Sir Isaac Newton  Invented Calculus  Wrote principia in 1686  Explains gravitational law  Includes ideas from Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler  Only scientist to buried in Westminster Abbey

4. Three Laws Of Motion  1. Every object continues in a state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless deflected by a force  2. The rate of change of motion of an object is proportional to the force acting on it  3. Every action has an equal reaction

5. Optics  Study of sight and the behavior of light  Psychological optics: pertains to the role of light in vision  Geometrical optics: deals with the properties of reflection and refraction of light  Pioneers of Optics  Willbrod Snell  Galileo Galilei

6. Willbrod Snell  Mathematician  Contributed to the development of Physics  Law of Refraction (Snell's Law)

7. Inventions  Microscope  was first invented in 1590  became famous when Galileo invented the compound microscope in 1625  Telescope  Galileo creates 1 and ½ inch lens telescope

8. Chemistry Before the 18 th Century  Alchemy – converting materials to gold  Essentially an art  Poisons and antidotes  Incendiary weaponry

9. The Chemical Revolution  Quantification  Lavoisier’s matter conservation  Combustion Theories/Gunpowder 4 KNO 3 + C 7 H 4 O + 2 S —> 2 K 2 S + 4 CO 2 + 3 CO + 2 H 2 O + 2 N 2

10. Antoine Lavoisier (Fra.)  Compiled data from others  Law of Conservation of Matter  M reactants = M products  Nomenclature (i.e. oxygen and hydrogen ) ReactantsMass (Relative) ProductsMass (Relative) Water400Carbon Dioxide 35 Sugar100Alcohol58 Yeast10Acetic Acid 3 Water409 Sugar4 Yeast1

11. Joseph Black (Sco.)  Discovered Carbon Dioxide from acidic solutions  Discovered Specific Heat  Heat can transfer without temperature change (e.g. water (l) and water (s) coexist at 32F)  Theories later lead to Watt’s steam engine  Discovered that boiling points and freezing points are different depending on substances

12. Other Important Discoveries  Air – more than one gas (Cavendish)  Oxygen – source of rusting (Priestly)  Ventilation and circulatory systems (Hales)  Evaporation properties (Cullen)  Dissolving and solutions (Bergman)

13. Scientific Revolution Increased curiosity of the natural world because of the enlightenment Areas of science began to question previous scientific discoveries Established the Scientific Method to establish the proper means to examine and understand