1. Animal Adaptations

2. Have you ever wondered how animals are able to survive in the wild?
Animals have certain adaptations that help them to survive.

3. “But, what is an adaptation?”
Any characteristic that helps an organism survive in its environment is an adaptation. 
It also refers to the ability of living things to adjust to different conditions within their environments. 
Structural adaptation
Protective coloration
Mimicry 
Body Parts
chemicals
Behavior adaptations
Migration
Hibernation

4. “Predation – one species feeds on another  Creates a
need for adaptations”
(+/– interaction)

5. How has predation influenced evolution?
“Adaptations used to avoid being
eaten:
Structural
spines (cactii, porcupines)
hard shells (clams, turtles)
toxins (milkweeds, some newts)
bad taste (monarch butterflies)
camouflage
mimicry”

6. Animal Defense Against Predators
“Throughout millions of years of evolution, animals
have evolved numerous ways of defending themselves
against predators.
However, there are some often overlooked but
interesting methods of defense which involve deception
and chemistry. These include using toxic chemicals,
camouflage, and mimicry.”

7. Animal Defense Against Predators
“Next, we’ll discuss several descriptions and
examples of animal defense. “

8. 1. Chemical Defense
“There are two main ways animals can use chemicals to defend themselves.
Animals can synthesize toxin using their own metabolic processes, or they can accumulate toxin from the food they eat.”

9. 1. Chemical Defense “The poison dart frog has poison glands scattered
“Animals which synthesize their own toxin are able to convert chemical compounds in their body to a poison.
There are many amphibians that produce skin toxins. The skin toxins are produced by special poison glands, usually located on the animal's back or throughout the skin. “
“The poison dart frog has
poison glands scattered
all over its body.”

10. 1. Chemical Defense
“In another example, the fire salamander makes a nerve poison, which it can squirt from glands on its back.”

11. 1. Chemical Defense
Many animals accumulate toxin from their food rather than synthesizing it from scratch.
For example, the larvae of Monarch butterflies accumulate toxins from the plants they inhabit.  Birds that eat the Monarchs vomit and learn to avoid them in the future. 
Their bright coloration allows birds to remember and avoid them. 

12. 1. Chemical Defense
This is the adult monarch butterfly. It still keeps the toxins in its body after it changes into a butter fly;.

13. Chemical Defense
Interestingly, many organisms which are distasteful advertise this fact to predators by having bright body colors or markings, as if to say, “Notice me! I’m dangerous!”

14. 1. Chemical Defense You can see this in the
bright colors of the Monarch and the poison dart frog.

15. 1. Chemical Defense This is called “aposematic
coloration”, and is widely used among the insects
and amphibians.
The Cream-spot Tiger is aposematically colored.

16. 2. Camouflage
Animals that camouflage themselves pretend to be something they are not. Either their coloration, marking patterns, or entire body resembles something else in their environment, here a leaf, an owl.

17. 2. Camouflage
Here an aptly named walking stick pretends to be a twig, in an attempt to avoid being seen by a bird or other predator.
Photo courtesy of Dr. Lloyd Glenn Ingles, Cal. Acad. of Sciences.

18. 2. Camouflage
In this picture, a four-eyed butterfly fish uses deceptive markings. The large spot near the tail resembles an eye. When predators attack the wrong end, the butterfly fish can swim away in the other direction!

19. 2. Camouflage
Some predators also depend on camouflage, but this time it is in order to avoid being seen by their prey.
Here, a frogfish resembles
a sponge. Small fish swimming nearby will be engulfed in the frogfish’s enormous mouth!

20. 2. Camouflage
This leafhopper resembles a leaf bud. When it is attached to a branch, it is camouflaged from predators.

21. 3. Mimicry
In mimicry, an organism (the mimic) closely resembles another organism (the model) in order to deceive a third, (the operator). The model and the mimic are not always closely related, but both usually live in the same area. This is similar to camouflage, but in mimicry the model is generally a similar organism rather than a static part of the background environment.

22. 3. Mimicry
In this example, a non-poisonous organism resembles one that is poisonous.
The scarlet king
snake, non-poisonous,
mimics the extremely
venomous coral snake.
Above: scarlet king snake
Right: coral snake

23. 3. Mimicry Another example of is the locust borer.
This insect not only looks like a bee or wasp, it sounds like
one, too!

24. 3. Mimicry The two invertebrates on the left are different species
of sea slugs, while the one on the right is a marine
flatworm. All three secrete noxious substances and
are unpalatable. Notice their similar aposematic
coloring.

25. 3. Mimicry
This tropical and is infected with a parasitic roundworm. The parasite makes its rear end look like a juicy red berry, mimicking the fruit on the vine.

26. 3. Mimicry
Researchers believe the parasites do this to trick foraging birds into eating the ants. Birds poop out parasite eggs, allowing the worms to spread to new ant colonies.

28. Adaptations are special characteristics that an organism is born with and which enable it to survive in its natural habitat. Adaptations are not developed in the course of an organism's life. The following adaptations show that the camel is specially suited to live in the desert.
Adaptation: Two rows of long eyelashes Function: Protect against blowing sand and the sun
Adaptation: Fat stored in hump(s) Function: Help it to survive long periods without food and water
Adaptation: Broad, flat, leathery pads at the bottom of their hooves Function: Pads spread out when the camel places its feet on the ground thus creating a "snowshoe effect" and preventing the camel from sinking into the sand
Adaptation: Thick leathery patches on knees Function: Protect it from getting burn when it kneels on the hot desert sand
Adaptations in
Camels

29. Adaptation: Nostrils can be closed Function: Keep out blowing sand
Adaptations In
Camels
Adaptation: Nostrils can be closed Function: Keep out blowing sand
Adaptation: Thick fur and under-wool Function: Provide warmth during cold desert nights and insulation against daytime heat
Adaptation: Long strong legs Function: Help carry heavy loads over long distances and keep its body further away from the hot sand

30. Review and Summary Three types of adaptations that animals can use
against predators include:
1. Chemical Defense
-including synthesizing
toxins and accumulating
toxins from food;

31. Review and Summary Three types of adaptations that animals can use
against predators include:
1. Chemical Defense
2. Camouflage
-including hiding from
prey or predators

32. Review and Summary Three types of adaptations that animals can use
against predators include:
1. Chemical Defense
2. Camouflage
3. Mimicry

33. Review and Summary Animals constantly evolve new and improved
characteristics to capture prey or evade predators; the ongoing interaction has produced some of the wonderful organisms you have just seen!