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Chapter 36 – Integumentary, Skeletal, & Muscular Systems
THE HUMAN BODY
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A. Introduction Humans are the most complex organisms on Earth. Our bodies are composed of trillions of _________, the smallest unit of life. These cells work together to form ______________. Cells Tissues
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There are 4 types of tissues in the human body:
body surfaces Epithelial Tissue – Covers ______________; lines ________________. May contain _________ for secretions or cells with _____. Examples includes glands, blood vessels, skin. Connective Tissue – Is the most ________________ tissue in the body. Used as ________________ and for ____________________________. Contains a network of non-living material called a _____________. Examples include bone, blood. Organs & vessels glands cilia abundant connectors support, transport, storage matrix
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There are 4 types of tissues in the human body:
3. Muscle Tissue – Able to generate __________signals that create _______ and _____________. Nerve Tissue – Specialized to generate and _______________ electrical signals to ____________________. These tissues work together as ________, which work together as ________________. electrical force movement transmit transfer information organs organ systems
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B. Organ Systems of the Human Body
__________System – Receives, processes, & transmits information; coordinates all body systems. 2. __________ System – Regulates homeostasis with chemicals known as hormones. 3. _________ System – Supports and protects body parts. 4. ___________ System – Produces movement. 5. _______________ System – Physical barrier against pathogens, injury, dehydration. Nervous Endocrine Skeletal Muscular Integumentary
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B. Organ Systems of the Human Body
6. ___________ System – Transports O2 , CO2 , nutrients, wastes. 7. ___________ System – Responsible for exchange of O2 , CO2 _________ System – Destroys pathogens __________ System – Breaks down food molecules to absorbable monomers ________ System – Washes blood; regulates blood volume _____________ System – Produces gametes; site of embryo development in females Circulatory Respiratory Immune Digestive Urinary Reproductive
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II. INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
skin The integumentary system is composed of the ______ and its accessory structures, including _____, _______, and the ________ found in the skin. The skin is the ________ organ of the human body. hair nails glands largest
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A. Function Protection – Provides a _______________________
____________________________. Sensory Information Regulation of Body Temperature Vitamin Production – The skin produces Vitamin ___ when exposed to __________ which is important for _________________. barrier against pathogens, UV light, dehydration sunlight D strong bones
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B. Structure – The skin is composed of 3 layers:
1. Epidermis – Outermost layer of skin composed of __________ tissue. There are two parts to the epidermis: a. Basal Layer – Contains cells that are actively going through ________. As new cells are produced, older cells are _______________________. These cells produce keratin, a __________________. There are also cells in the basal layer called melanocytes which produce _________ , a ___________ pigment that protects the skin from _________. epithelial mitosis pushed toward surface waterproof protein melanin dark brown UV light
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b. Outer Layer – As the epidermal cells get pushed away from blood vessels, they _______, so the outermost epidermal layer consists of ______ cells filled with ________ that are eventually ________________. die dead keratin sloughed off
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2. Dermis – Inner, thicker layer of skin composed of ___________ tissue. Contains a ___________ of ________ for strength and ________ for elasticity. Structures found in the dermis include: Blood vessels – Provide ____ and _________ to cells; remove _____. Also help to maintain a constant body temperature. Heat can be conserved when blood vessels near the surface of the skin _________, or heat can be released when blood vessels _______. b. Hair follicles - _________occurs in follicle to produce hair. Hair consists of _____ cells filled with _________. Small, ________ muscles are attached to each follicle that __________ to pull hairs upright when stimulated by __________ connective matrix collagen elastin O2 glucose CO2 constrict dilate Mitosis dead keratin smooth contract cold, fear
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c. Nail follicles – Produced in same manner as hair
c. Nail follicles – Produced in same manner as hair. Purpose of nails is to ________ fingertips and toetips. d. Sensory receptors - Transmit information to the ______ and ___________. e. Glands – There are two types of glands located in the dermis: 1) Oil – Produce oil to _____________ 2) Sweat - ___________ of the perspiration produced by these glands requires energy in the form of _____, which is drawn from the skin and results in cooling. protect brain spinal cord lubricate skin Evaporation heat
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3. Hypodermis - ___________ tissue specialized to store ___.
Connective 3. Hypodermis - ___________ tissue specialized to store ___. fat
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C. Skin Damage & Disorders
1. Burns – Classified according to depth of damage a. First degree – Damage only to __________. Skin appears ____, but without __________. May be caused by __________________________ epidermis red blisters sun, brief contact with hot object
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epidermis b. Second degree – Damage through _________ to ________. Most painful of all burns. Skin is _______ with __________. May be caused by longer exposure to sun, hot object . dermis red blisters
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c. Third degree – Destroys __________; damage extends into ____________________. Skin usually appears ________________. May be caused by _ fire, electricity, chemicals –NOT sun!__Lifethreatening._ epidermis dermis, maybe deeper blackened, charred
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2. Skin Cancer – Most important risk factor is ____________
2. Skin Cancer – Most important risk factor is ____________. The most serious type of skin cancer is _________. sun exposure melanoma
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III. SKELETAL SYSTEM, 206 The _____ bones that make up the adult skeletal system are composed of ____________ tissue with a matrix of ___________which makes them _____, and ________, which makes them hard. In embryonic development, the skeleton is first made of ___________. The process of converting cartilage to bone is known as ____________ and requires addition of _____. This process is not completed until after birth. Osteocytes, which are bone cells , embedded in the bone matrix. connective collagen tough calcium cartilage ossification Ca2+
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Two other kinds of bone cells: osteoclasts-break down bone & osteoblasts-produce bone. The adult skeleton is composed entirely of bone, except for nose, ears, discs between vertebrae
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A. Functions of the Skeletal System
1. Support – Provides a framework that supports the body 2. Protection – Protects many _______ from mechanical injury 3. Movement – Movement occurs when _________ muscles attached to bones contract. organs skeletal
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4. Blood Cell Formation 5. Storage a
4. Blood Cell Formation 5. Storage a. Minerals – Storage site for ________ and ______________. b. Fat calcium phosphorus
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B. Bone Structure Bone is an ______ composed of living tissue. It is surrounded by a tough layer of ____________ tissue called the ___________, ________ and____________ pass through the periosteum to the bone itself. organ connective periosteum Nerves blood vessels
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Compact Bone – Outer bone tissue found beneath the ____________
Compact Bone – Outer bone tissue found beneath the ____________. Dense, almost solid tissue that provides ________. 2. Spongy Bone – Less dense, porous tissue provides __________________. The spaces are filled with soft tissue called ________. There are two types of bones marrow: a. Red Marrow - Location of blood cell production including all ____ blood cells, _________, and most ______ blood cells. b. Yellow Marrow – Site of _____ storage. periosteum support lightweight support marrow red platelets white fat
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C. Human Skeleton Anatomy
Bones are held together by __________, tough bands of ___________ tissue. The point where two bones meet is called a _____. Joints are classified according to the amount of movement possible and the appearance of the bones involved. 1. Immovable or ______ Joints - _____ movement. Example: __________________. ligaments connective joint fixed No bones of cranium
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Some examples of movable joints are:
2. Movable Joints - Most joints are moveable. The ends of the bones that form moveable joints are covered with a thin layer of ____________ to _________________________. The space between the two bones is filled with a fluid to moisten and lubricate the joint called _________ fluid. Some examples of movable joints are: a. Ball & Socket - __________________________. Examples: _____________________ b. Hinge - __________________________. Examples: _______ c. Pivot - ____________________________. Examples: ______________________ cartilage cushion the ends of bones synovial Greatest range of movement hip, shoulder Back & forth movement knee Bones twist against each other vertebrae of neck
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E. Skeletal System Damage
Osteoporosis – Associated with ___________. Characterized by loss of ____________ which results in increased risk of fracture Scoliosis - ________ curvature of the spine Arthritis - Inflammation of the _______. Caused by wear and tear on _________ cushioning the joints older women bone mass Lateral joints cartilage
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D. Human Skeleton The human skeleton has two divisions
Axial – Forms the main ____ and includes the _______________________ ______________________________ 2. Appendicular – Contains the bones that form the _______ & ____ and includes the bones that connect them to the axial skeleton including the ________________ axis cranium, mandible, vertebrae costas, sternum, sacrum, coccyx arms legs clavicle, scapula, pelvis
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IV. MUSCULAR SYSTEM The primary function of the muscular system is to produce __________. The contraction of muscle tissue requires _____, so muscles are constantly carrying out __________________ and have a large number of ______________. movement ATP cellular respiration mitochondria
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A. Muscles Individual muscle cells are called muscle ______. All humans have the ______ number of fibers. Muscle bulk occurs because of ___________ of muscle fibers, not an increase in the number of muscle cells. The number of fibers that can contract at one time determine an individual’s _________. The length of the contraction time is known as ___________. fibers same thickening strength endurance
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B. Muscle Types 1. Skeletal Muscle - __________, _______ muscle cells that fuse together to form a _______________ muscle fiber. Muscle fibers are arranged end-to-end to produce strong contractions. If the oxygen supply to muscle cells is depleted, they can switch to _____________________ for energy production Voluntary striated multinucleated lactic acid fermentation
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2. Cardiac Muscle - ___________, _________ muscle cells found only in the ______, with each cell having its own nucleus. Cardiac muscle cells are arranged in chains that lattice together. When the muscle contracts, the entire lattice of cells contracts together producing a powerful contraction. Involuntary striated heart
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3. Smooth Muscle - __________, ________ muscle cells
3. Smooth Muscle - __________, ________ muscle cells. Smooth muscle contractions are slow and prolonged. Found in the _________________________________________________ Involuntary smooth digestive system, urinary bladder, blood vessels
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C. Skeletal Muscle Function
1. Skeletal muscles are attached to bones by tough, __________ tissue called ____________. Every muscle has at least 2 tendons, each attached to a different bone: a. origin – muscle attachment site(s) that ______________ b. insertion – bone that is __________________. For example, the _____________ has ________ attaching it to the ________ and the________ The origin is the ________ and the insertion is the _______. connective tendons does not move moved by contraction biceps brachii tendons scapula radius scapula radius
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2. Skeletal muscles attached to the bones of the _____________ skeleton work in opposing pairs. a. flexor – muscle that causes limb to ______ at _____. b. extensor – muscle that causes limb to __________ at ______. For example, contraction of the biceps brachii ______ the arm and contraction of the triceps brachii ____________ the arm. appendicular bend joint straighten joint bends straightens
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D. Muscle Contraction Muscle fibers in skeletal muscles are composed of smaller structures called myofibrils. Each myofibril is made up of even smaller structures called filaments. The striations in skeletal muscle cells are formed by an alternation pattern of thick and thin filaments. - The thick filaments contain a protein called myosin. - The thin filaments are made up mainly of a protein called actin. The filaments are arranged along the muscle fiber in units called sarcomeres, separated by regions called z-lines.
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D. Muscle Contraction Sliding Filament Model of Muscle Contraction- When a muscle contracts, the thin filament (actin) in the muscle fiber slides over the thick filament (myosin), shortening the sarcomere. - Thick myosin filament forms a cross-bridge with the thin actin filament. - Powered by ATP, cross-bridge changes shape and pulls the actin filament toward the center of the sarcomere. This happens in every sarcomere within a muscle fiber at one time so the entire fiber is shortened and the muscle contracts.
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Control of Muscle Contraction
The impulses from motor neurons control the contraction of skeletal muscle fibers. The neuromuscular junction is the point of contact between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell. The impulse in the muscle fiber begins with the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from the motor neuron. This sets off a series of events that allow actin and myosin filaments to interact. A muscle cell remains contracted until an enzyme produced at the axon terminal destroys any remaining acetylcholine.
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