2. Unit 1: Foundations of Western Society Essential Question: What were Greece and Rome’s most enduring contributions to Western civilization?

3. Rome’s Contributions to Western Society Modern Romance languages (Italian, Spanish, French, Portuguese, and Romanian) trace their origins to Latin, the language of the Romans. Form of government (Republic) and policy Christianity, which arose during the Roman Empire, remains one of the world’s main religions Social classes: Tensions between rich and poor continue to affect society, as they did in the days of patrician and plebeians Classical art and architecture Inventions: Developed road construction methods, aqueducts, domes, and concrete.

4. Historical Perspective Rome 700s kings rule 600s Etruscans rule develop Rome 500s Etruscans out, Republic in 300s Rome conquers surrounding states 200s finished conquering all of Italy mid-200s – 100s conquest of the Mediterranean Greece 800-500Homeric Age 500-300 Classical Age 300s Hellenistic Period 133 Romans seize control of Greece

5. The Mythical Founding of Rome: Romulus & Remus Origins of Rome

6. Legend versus Reality City built by twin brothers who fought for power In reality, people began to settle in Rome because of its location and fertile soil….basically the GEOGRAPHY of Rome was favorable Why did the Romans support a mythical foundation?

7. Rome: from village to empire

8. c. 750 BCE: Latins (tribe) settle what becomes Rome

9. See Rome Expand!

10. Let’s Talk Topography and Geography peninsula mountainsrivers

11. Rome is west of Apennines Mts: more fertile land & river access

12. Long ago on a peninsula far, far away… Apennine Mountains – not so rugged as the Greek mainland, did not divide the country into small isolated communities Large fertile plains – could support a large population. Agriculture was the most important industry in the empire. Rome was located on Tiber River – access to the Mediterranean Sea Built on seven hills – easily defended; military strategy

13. The early Romans were mostly… farmers

14. Ancient Italy (c. 6 th century B.C.) PEOPLE: Latins -Rome: “The First Romans” -Influence: Latin Language Etruscans - Northern Italy -Urbanized Rome: Building Programs (the Forum) -Influence on Romans: the arch, alphabet Greeks -Southern Italy and Sicily grew olives and grapes (oh and goats!) -Influence on Romans: art, architecture, literature, government, grew olives and grapes (oh and goats!)

15. c. 600 BCE: Etruscans Etruscans Conquer Rome… …Romans adopt Etruscan alphabet, art, gods, building techniques (including the arch)

16. In 509 BCE... …the Romans overthrew the Etruscans

17. Rome Spreads its Power Romans defeat Etruscans in north and Greek city- states in south Treatment of Conquered: –Forge alliances –Offer citizenship By 265 B.C., Rome controls Italian peninsula

18. It’s interesting to note that this was the precise time that we think of Greece as entering its Classical Era.

19. Unlike the Athenians, who had a direct or participatory democracy, the Romans established a representative democracy, or, a “republic…” …like we have today

20. Roman social structure  Patricians: wealthy landowners and office-holders  Plebeians: farmers, artisans, traders…could vote but not hold political office  Slaves: mostly prisoners of war…not citizens…no rights

21. Roman Religion  polytheistic  absorbed gods of others, including the Greeks  lots of public festivals

22. Roman Women Roman Women  educated just like boys  couldn’t vote but could testify in court  gained property rights  more influence in family than Greek women

23. First Roman Law Code 451 BCE: First Roman Law Code THE TWELVE TABLES carved stone tablets 451 B.C., officials carve Roman laws on twelve tablets and hung in Forum. Laws confirm right of all free citizens to protection of the law Become the basis for later Roman law

24. The Roman Forum Political center of Roman Empire Ideal place for dramatic public speeches Town Square, mall (vendors), and government center

25. Gradually, the Romans began to expand their control…

26. …until they had conquered the entire Italian peninsula plus the islands of Corsica, Sardinia and Sicily

27. As they expanded their control… …the Romans built an excellent network of roads

28. Here’s how they built them:

29. Their road system is one of the Romans’ greatest achievements Why do you think they built them?

30. The Roman road system  allowed easy military transport  enabled trade and commerce  helped unify expanding Roman territories

31. Back to Roman expansion…who do you think would be a likely rival for control of the Mediterranean Sea?

32. Carthage!!

33. “Punic Wars.” Between 264-146 BCE the Romans fought 3 wars with Carthage, known as the “Punic Wars.” Note: The conflict was called the "Punic War" because Rome's name for Carthaginians was Punici (older Phoenici, due to their Phoenician ancestry). In its adjective form : “treacherous”

34. The First Punic War : 264 to 241 BC After 23 years of fighting, Rome emerged the victor and imposed heavy conditions upon Carthage as the price for peace. Rome replaced Carthage as the dominant naval power of the Mediterranean Both states were financially and demographically exhausted. Spoils of War: They drew what they considered a straight line across the Mediterranean. Hispania, Corsica, Sardinia and Africa remained Carthaginian. All that was north of that line was signed over to Rome.

35. The Second Punic War : 218 to 202 BC After Carthage lost its holdings in Sicily to Rome in the First Punic War, Carthage moved to compensate for the loss by extending her territory in Hispania (the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula).

38. Rome won…and went on to conquer the rest of the Mediterranean world.

45. The period 27 BCE-180 AD (the last two maps) is known as the: PAX ROMANA

46. During this period: o Romans thought they were the entire civilized world o The population of the city of Rome reached 1 million o Trade increased, bringing a wealth of resources into Rome o The arts flourished o Rome enjoyed military dominance

47. Well, that’s it for our quick overview of Rome’s journey from small village to huge empire. Over the next several weeks we will concentrate on the following: the influence of Greek culture upon the Romans Roman contributions to politics, technology and the arts the rise of Christianity within the Roman Empire reasons for the decline and collapse of the Empire