1. The Meninges Dura mater - outermost layer Arachnoid mater - no blood vessels, in between layer (resembles a spider web) Pia mater -inner membrane, contains nerves and blood vessels to nourish cells

2. Figure 13.25a CSF - cerebrospinal fluid See video of a http://youtu.be/yYZxNsnf18Yhttp://youtu.be/yYZxNsnf18Y

3. Dura mater is being peeled away in this photo.

4. Subdural Hematoma

6. Natgeo Brain Surgery Video Natgeo Brain Surgery Video - removal of tumor CNN Video Showing cognitive tasks during brain surgery as a tumor is removed.

7. Spinal Cord passes down the vertebral canal, has 31 segments (each with a pair of spinal nerves) Cervical enlargement = supplies nerves to upper limbs (neck) Lumbar enlargement = supplies nerves to the lower limbs (lower back) FUNCTION: conducting nerve impulses, serves as a center for spinal reflexes

8. ASCENDING - impulses travel to the brain (sensory) DESCENDING - impulses travel to the muscles (motor)

9. Spinal reflexes - reflex arcs pass through the spinal cord

10. THE BRAIN ● ANATOMICAL REGIONS o Cerebrum o Cerebellum o Brain Stem

11. CEREBELLUM ● Balance and coordination

12. CEREBRUM - wrinkly large part of the brain, largest area in humans, higher mental function

13. Brain Stem - regulates visceral functions (autonomic system)

15. Figure 13.4

16. 1. Cerebral Hemispheres - left and right side separated by the.... 2. Corpus Callosum - connects the two hemispheres

17. The Cerebral Hemispheres Figure 13.7b, c

18. Take the Left Brain – Right Brain Test

19. Corpus callosum

20. 3. Convolutions of the Brain - the wrinkles and grooves of the cerebrum Fissures = deep groove Sulcus = shallow groove Gyrus = bump

21. 4. Fissures – separate lobes Longitudinal fissure - separate right and left sides

22. Transverse Fissure - separates cerebrum from cerebellum

23. Lateral Fissure separates the temporal lobe from the Frontal and Parietal lobes

24. Lobes of the Brain (general functions) 5. Frontal – reasoning, thinking, language 6. Parietal – touch, pain, relation of body parts (somatosensory) 7. Temporal Lobe – hearing 8. Occipital – vision

25. Figure 13.7a LOBES OF THE BRAIN (CEREBRUM) Sulcus = groove Gyrus = raised bump Fissure = deep groove

26. 9. Cerebral Cortex - thin layer of gray matter that is the outermost portion of cerebrum (the part with all the wrinkles)

27. Functional and Structural Areas of the Cerebral Cortex Figure 13.11a

28. Fluid filled cavities, contain CSF 10.VENTRICLES OF THE BRAIN

29. 11. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) - fluid that protects and supports brain Figure 13.27b

30. FUNCTIONAL REGIONS ● A. MOTOR AREAS ● B. SENSORY AREAS ● C. ASSOCIATION

31. 12. Motor Areas - controls voluntary movements - the right side of the brain generally controls the left side of the body -also has Broca's Area (speech)

32. 13. Sensory Area - involved in feelings and sensations (visual, auditory, smell, touch, taste)

33. 14. Association Areas - higher levels of thinking, interpreting and analyzing information

34. Figure 13.4 BRAIN STEM

35. Consists of three parts: MIDBRAIN PONS MEDULLA OBLONGATA

36. 2. Hypothalamus - hormones, heart rate, blood pressure, body temp, hunger 3. Thalamus - relay station 1. Diencephalon has 2 parts.....

37. 4. Optic Tract / Chiasma - optic nerves cross over each other

40. 5. Midbrain – visual reflexes, eye movements 6. Pons - relay sensory information 7. Medulla – heart, respiration, blood pressure Cerebellum - balance, coordination

41. Pituitary Gland The "master gland" of the endocrine system. It controls hormones.

42. Corpus callosum Thalamus Hypothalamus Pineal gland

43. Midbrain Medulla Oblongata Pons

45. 9. HIPPOCAMPUS ● Memory is controlled by the HIPPOCAMPUS (“sea horse”; that’s its shape). The hippocampus plays a major role in memories.

46. 10. The LIMBIC SYSTEM The LIMBIC SYSTEM plays a role in EMOTION also includes olfactory lobes - memory, emotion, and smell are linked. Crayolas are created today with the same scent because it reminds people of their happy times in childhood. Why is the brain formed so that smell and emotions are tied together? Because pheromones are tied to emotions and behavior, so they need the link.