1. The Nervous System
Charles C. Cook, MD

2. Divisions of the Nervous System

3. The Central Nervous System
Brain and Spinal cord
Processes sensory information
Produces a response

4. The Central Nervous System

5. Peripheral Nervous System
Nerves that connects muscles, receptors, and glands so ….
Sensory nerves sends info from the receptors to the CNS
Motor nerves sends info from the CNS to muscles and glands

6. Peripheral Nervous System

7. Peripheral Nervous System Sensory Nerves

8. Peripheral Nervous System Motor Nerves

9. Peripheral Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System
PNS that controls internal organs

10. Autonomic Nervous System

11. Grouping of Neural Tissue

12. Fibers located outside the CNS, held together by connective tissue
Nerve
Fibers located outside the CNS, held together by connective tissue

15. Aggregations of myelinated processes of many neurons
White matter
Aggregations of myelinated processes of many neurons

19. Gray Matter
Contains either nerve cell bodies or bundles of unmyelinated nerve fibers

21. Reflexes

22. Reflex Arcs Behavioral unit of the nervous system
Structural and functional basis for the simplest involuntary actions

25. Reflex Behavior Automatic and unconscious Maintain Homeostasis
Changes inside or outside
Maintain Homeostasis
Heart rate, breathing rate, swallowing……

26. Examples of Reflexes

27. Protection & Covering of CNS

28. Cranial Bones

29. Vertebral Bones

30. Meninges Membranes that cover brain and spinal cord
Serve as bacterial barriers

32. Dura mater (tough mother)
Meninges (cont)
Dura mater (tough mother)
Outermost layer
Composition is white fibrous connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves
Attached to inside of cranium
Sort of like periostem for cranium

33. Meninges (cont) Dura mater Cranium —attached to bone (skull)
Spinal cord —surrounded by adipose (fatty) tissue

36. Meninges (cont) Arachnoid Web-like Lacks blood vessels
Located between dura mater and pia mater

38. Pia mater (gentle mother)
Meninges (cont)
Pia mater (gentle mother)
Innermost layer
Attached to organ surface
Nerves and many blood vessels
Attached to inside of cranium
Sort of like periostem for cranium

39. Meninges (cont) Subarachnoid Space Fluid filled
Between arachnoid mater and pia mater
Attached to inside of cranium
Sort of like periostem for cranium

41. Ventricles and Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

42. Cavities within the cerebral hemispheres and brain stem
Ventricles
Cavities within the cerebral hemispheres and brain stem

45. Cerebrospinal Fluid Clear watery fluid secreted within ventricles
Circulates within ventricles and subarachnoid space
Protects and supports CNS

46. Spinal Cord

47. Structure Base of skull to 1st lumbar vertebrae
Core gray matter surrounded by white matter

50. Structure Give rise to 31Pairs of spinal nerves
Inferiorly, splits into cauda equina

52. Function
Conduct nerve impulses
Center for spinal reflexes

53. Largest part of the mature brain
Cerebrum
Largest part of the mature brain

55. Mirrored large masses of the brain
Cerebrum structure
Cerebral hemispheres
(Thinking Caps)
Mirrored large masses of the brain

57. Cerebrum structure
Fissure
Deep furrows

59. Cerebrum structure (Cont)
Corpus callosum
Nerve fibers that connect hemispheres

61. Cerebrum structure (Cont)
Exterior - Gray matter
Interior - White matter

63. Cerebral lobes (regions)

64. Cerebral Lobes
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe

66. Frontal lobe Higher thought processes, reasoning, logic
Planning, concentration, and emotions

67. Parietal lobe General sensations (Hot or Cold, Pressure or Pain)
Understanding speech

68. Temporal lobe Special sensations (Hearing, Taste, Smell)
Memory of visual and auditory patterns

69. Occipital lobe
Sight and recognition of objects

70. Diencephalon

71. Diencephalon Forms central core of forebrain and consists of:
--Thalamus
--Hypothalamus

74. Thalamus Relays all sensory impulses to cerebral cortex (except smell)
Understanding speech, light, touch and pressure

76. Hypothalamus
Controls heart rate, blood pressure, and body temp. (Autonomic Nervous System)
Receives sensory impulses from internal organs
Connects nervous w/ endocrine system
Controls release of regulating hormones from anterior pituitary gland

79. Brainstem

80. Brainstem Regions include the following: --Midbrain --Pons
--Medulla Oblongata

81. Midbrain Between hypothalamus and the pons
Visual and auditory reflex centers

83. Pons
Separates midbrain/medulla oblongata
Helps regulate breathing

84. Medulla oblongata
Continuation of spinal cord from pons to the base of skull
Transmits impulses, Contains vital visceral centers

86. Medulla oblongata
Cardiac center
Vasomotor center
Respiratory center

88. Cerebellum Second largest structure of the brain
Below the occipital lobes of the cerebrum, posterior to the pons and the medulla oblongata.
Consists of two hemispheres-connects by a vermis
Functions primarily in coordination of skeletal muscle movement and maintaining posture

90. Peripheral Nervous System
(PNS)

91. Peripheral Nervous System
Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves
Plexus

92. Cranial Nerves
12 pair
All arise from brainstem (Except CN 1 ---Optic Nerve)
Most are mixed nerves

94. Spinal Nerves 31 pair All arise from spinal cord All are mixed nerves
Emerges as Roots

95. Spinal Nerves Cervical Nerves - C1-C8 Thoracic Nerves - T1-T12
Lumbar Nerves - L1-L5
Sacral Nerves S1-S5
1pair of Coccygeal nerves

97. Plexus Formed by combining branches of several spinal nerves
(Except in the Thoracic Region)

98. Cervical Plexus C-1 through C-4 Innervates muscles and skin of neck
Forms Phrenic nerve which innervates the Diaphragm

99. Cervical Plexus

100. Brachial Plexus C-5 through T-1
Innervates muscles and skin of arms, forearms & hands

101. Brachial Plexus

102. Lumbosacral Plexus
T-12 through S-5
Innervates lower extremity

103. Lumbosacral Plexus

105. Summary Divisions of the Nervous System Neural Tissue
Behavior of Reflexes
Functions of the Central Nervous System
Functions of Spinal Cord

106. Summary Functions of Cerebrum Components of Diencephlon
Functions of Brain Stem
Functions of Cerebellum
Components of Peripheral Nervous System

107. Questions
THE END!!!!