1. Hellenic and Hellenistic Greece

2. Greece and Rome Ancient West
Mediterranean-centered
Cities and trade
Self-government
Rise of empire
Decline and discontinuity
Shared culture (Greco-Roman)
Chart: RGH p. 136 2

3. 3

4. Classical Greece and the Mediterranean basin, 800-500 BCE4

5. Acropolis: the highest, most easily defensible part of the polis.5

6. Athens 6

7. Greek Civilization
Considered one of the foundational sources of “Western civilization”
The source of philosophy, democracy, architectural ideals
…yet its transmission to Europe was not direct and unbroken… 7

8. Chronology of Ancient Greece
BCE Minoan society
BCE Mycenaean society
BCE Era of the polis
BCE Persian Wars
BCE Peloponnesian War
BCE Reign of Philip of Macedon
BCE Reign of Alexander of Macedon 8

9. Greece in the Hellenic Period 7th-3rd BCE- “Before Empire”
The Polis (city-state)
“one of the wonders of human social organization”
“like a hothouse flower, could only thrive under the right conditions”
Autonomy (Independence) and Autarky (self-sufficiency)
Amateurism vs. Professionalism
Political evolution—Athens (democracy) and Sparta (monarchy)
Monarchy Aristocracy Oligarchy Tyranny Democracy 9

10. Classical Greece and the Mediterranean basin, 800-500 BCE10

11. Two approaches to population & social problems:
Sparta
“closed society”
Turned Sparta into a police state
Men and women lived a “Spartan lifestyle”
Athens
“open society”
birth of “democracy”
emphasis on individualism and wealth from trade 11

12. The “Spartan” Lifestyle
Boys were taken from families to begin military training at 7
They didn’t establish their own households until they were 30
They remained in the military until they were 60
Enslaved “helots” did farming for polis
Spartan women were encouraged to be physically fit in order to bear strong sons 12

13. Athenian “democracy” Debates on issues were public
Decisions were made directly by casting lots
All “citizens” could speak out at assemblies and vote 13

14. Democracy How did Athenians define it
Democracy How did Athenians define it? “We alone regard a man who takes no interest in public affairs, not as harmless, as worthless” (Pericles)
Rights vs. Duty
Citizenship—who?
Participation – how?
Military service-the Phalanx
Wealthy subject to special taxes
All citizens attended the 40 annual sessions of the Assembly
Offices chosen by lot, with no pay
Must be ready to serve in any capacity 14

15. …but “citizens” did NOT include
Landless males
Slaves [1/3 of population]
Women
Which meant only 10-15% of the population voted
Compared to modern democracies, Athenian democracy was more exclusive and directly participatory 15

16. Legacies of Greece: Olympic Games
Competition and sports were important parts of Greek life
Games figured in local and Pan-Hellenic festivals [including at Nemean, Isthmian, Pythian, Olympia
Olympic games established 776 BCE [?] 16

17. 17

18. The Olympics What Greek values did the Olympics reflect?
Are the same values still important for us today?
Individualism (Humanism)
All-around excellence (Arête)
Devotion to your polis (Nationalism, Patriotism)
Amateur ideal
Patriarchy
Militaristic values
Intellectuality and Art
Greek, made in Athens about BC Found at Teucheira, Cyrenaica (modern Libya)
A prize for a victor at the Athenian games 18

19. What happens to Hellenic Greece?
Persian Wars
BCE 19

20. Persia: “The Enemy” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDiUG52ZyHQ20

21. Persian Invasion of Greece
Two attacks:
490 BCE:
Battle of Marathon
480 BCE:
Xerxes attacks again
Statue of Pheidippides 21

22. The Persian Wars BCE 22

23. See Pericles’ Funeral Oration (RGH pp. 136-140)
But Greece wins!
See Pericles’ Funeral Oration (RGH pp ) 23

24. Greek naval technology
Greek Trireme
170 rowers in tiers 24

25. “Progress Broke the Polis” Athenian Imperialism
Empire Strikes Back!
“Progress Broke the Polis”
Athenian Imperialism 25

26. Greek Colonies and Greek Empire26

27. Delian League and Peloponnesian War
Formed as defensive alliance against Persia
As the threat of war waned, became tribute system to Athens / “Athenian Empire”
Height of Athen’s “golden age”
Resentment against Athens led to Peloponnesian War 27

28. Peloponnesian Wars (431-404BCE)
Athens vs. Sparta
Athens Loses, but so does all of Hellenic Greece
Why?
'A War Like No Other': Where Hubris Came From
New York Times Article, 10/23/05 28

29. Legacies of Greece Architecture
Key themes: balance, harmony, proportion
Lincoln
Memorial
White House 29

30. Classical (Golden Age of Greece) 5th BCE
Pericles
Ideals and Values
Humanism and Secularism
Reason
Individualism
“Athens among her contemporaries is superior to the report of her”
(Pericles) 30

31. 31

32. The Death of Socrates by Jacques-Louis David, 178732

33. 33

34. 34

35. Legacies of Greece: Olympic Games
Competition and sports were important parts of Greek life
Games figured in local and Pan-Hellenic festivals [including at Nemean, Isthmian, Pythian, Olympia
Olympic games established 776 BCE [?] 35

36. Greek religion
Zeus
Athena
Aphrodite & Pan
Apollo 36

37. Diadoumenos of Polykleitos, c. 430 B.C.. National Museum Athens.
Lacoon and His Sons, 200 bce.
Laocoon Group, by Athanadoros, Hagesandros, and Polydoros of Rhodes, early 1st cent. BC
Hellenistic: real man
Hellenic: ideal man 37

38. In the meanwhile, to the north…
Philip II of Macedonia
Alexander of Macedonia 38

39. Mosaic of Battle of Issus
The heroic personality of Alexander the Great is apparent in a painting by Philoxenos of Eretria, from about 300 B.C.E., which survives only in this Roman mosaic form. It is believed to be of Alexander's victory over the Persian king, Darius III, in 33 B.C.E. at the Battle of Issus. (National Museum, Naples/Art Resource, NY) 39

40. Alexander’s Empire 40

41. Hellenistic Greece Cosmopolis
Hellenistic Philosophies—individualistic, mystic
Philosophy – Aristotle
Science – Archimedes, Euclid, Eratosthenes, Hippocrates
Hellenistic Exchange-Greek, ideas, food, trade-blending of Greek and Asian cultures 41

42. Alexander the Great 42

43. Alexander the Great’s Empire43

44. The Hellenization of Asia44

45. The Economy of the Hellenistic World45

46. Hellenistic Philosophers
Cynics  Diogenes
ignore social conventions & avoid luxuries.
citizens of the world.
live a humble, simple life.
Epicurians  Epicurus
avoid pain & seek pleasure.
all excess leads to pain!
politics should be avoided. 46

47. Hellenistic Philosophers
Stoics  Zeno
nature is the expansion of divine will.
concept of natural law.
get involved in politics, not for personal gain, but to perform virtuous acts for the good of all.
true happiness is found in great achievements. 47

48. Hellenism: The Arts & Sciences
Scientists / Mathematicians:
Aristarchus  heliocentric theory.
Euclid  geometry
Archimedes  pulley
Hellenistic Art:
More realistic; less ideal than Hellenic art.
Showed individual emotions, wrinkles, and age! 48

49. 49

50. Eratosthenes’ Map of the World50