1. Chapter 15: The Civil War Begins Section 1 – Texas Secession
The secession of Southern states cause the North and the South to take up arms. Texas becomes one of the early states to secede from the Union and join the Confederacy.
Which side had the advantage in the Civil War?

2. North vs. South in 1861 South North Advantages ? Disadvantages
On a sheet of paper, draw the chart below. After studying the few slides that follow, write in your responses and complete the chart.
North
South
Advantages ?
Disadvantages

3. Rating the North & South

4. Railroad Lines in 1860

5. Resources: North & South

6. Soldiers Present for Duty in the Civil War

7. Union & Confederacy in 1861

8. Slave / Free States Population in 1861

9. The Civil War (1861-1865) Through Maps, Charts, Graphs & Pictures
Susan M. Pojer Horace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

10. Many Issues Divide the Country
1861 – Texas joined 10 other states to secede from the Union and form the Confederate States of America (CSA).
This action followed years of long-standing differences between the North and the South.

11. What Issues did the North & South Disagree On?
Tariffs – taxes on imported goods
Distribution of public lands
States’ Rights – states should have more power over what they do and the federal government should have less power over them.
Most of all – the issue of SLAVERY

12. Comparing the Views of the North and the South
Draw a chart as follows. Use the information on the next slides to complete the chart.
Issue
Union
Confederacy
Tariffs
States’ Rights
Slavery

13. The Republican Party Opposes Slavery
Many Northerners who opposed slavery joined the Republican Party.
Abolitionists – wanted to end ALL slavery.
However, not all Northern whites agreed. The majority of Northern whites were prejudiced against African Americans (free/slave).
BUT…the majority of Northern whites did NOT want slavery to spread westward into new territories.

14. A Northern/Republican’s View:
Many Northern business leaders and farmers believed that the Southern Democrats were responsible for an economic depression (similar to the Great Depression) of the late 1850s could be brought back by tariffs, a homestead act, and other internal improvements.

15. Tariffs Republicans/Northerners believed:
Would boost the economy and bring in much needed money to businesses and farmers.

16. States’ Rights Republicans/Northerners believed:
The federal system (under which the U.S. government was formed) allowed for the sharing of powers between the federal government and state governments.
States should NOT have more powers than they were given in the original U.S. constitution.
States had NO RIGHT to secede from the Union.

17. A Southern/Democrat’s View:
Opposed to ALL of the North’s ideas because they believed the ideas would ONLY benefit the North – not the South.
Believed that
victory for the
Republican Party
would mean the
end of slavery
and the
Southern way of life.

18. States’ Rights
[Southern] states are sovereign, meaning they had entered the Union voluntarily and they should be able to leave it voluntarily as they see fit.

19. Tariffs
As sovereign states, they [Southern states] had the sole authority to set or void tariffs as they saw fit.

20. Southern States Vow to Secede
During the 1860 presidential election, Southern leaders threatened to secede if a Republican (Abraham Lincoln) was elected.
After Lincoln won the 1860 election, 6 states seceded: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, and Louisiana.
Texans call on Governor Sam Houston to organize a convention to consider secession also.

21. The Convention Votes on Secession
Sam Houston OPPOSED secession.
Houston did not believe that the South could win a war against the North.
He hoped that Texans would rally against a convention and declare such a convention illegal.
Houston refused to call a special session of the legislature and Texans organized a convention and elected delegates to attend - all without Houston’s approval.

22. Texas Secession Convention
Met in Austin on January 28, 1861.
Adopted a decree called the “Ordinance of Secession.”
Ordinance declared that the U.S. government had abused its power in order to “strike down the interest and prosperity of the people of Texas” …”her citizens are freed from all allegiance to the U.S.”
On February 23, 1861, Texas approved secession from the Union and became the 7th state to secede from the Union and join the Confederacy.

23. The Confederacy is Formed
Formed at a convention in Montgomery, Alabama on February 4, 1861.
Called the Confederate States of America (CSA).

24. Confederate Constitution
Drew up a constitution similar to the U.S. constitution, but with some important differences:
1. states were given MORE power and the federal government was given LESS power;
2. this constitution guaranteed the protection of slavery.

25. The Confederate “White House”

26. Leaders of the Confederacy
Pres. Jefferson Davis
VP Alexander Stevens

27. A Northern View of Jeff Davis

28. Texas Approves the Confederate Constitution
Texas quickly approved the Confederate constitution.
They prepared a Texas Constitution of 1861.
This constitution replaced references to the “U.S. constitution” with “Confederate constitution.”

29. Houston Removed from Office
Texas Secession Convention ordered all state government leaders to take an oath of loyalty to the Confederacy – Houston refused and is removed as Governor.
Lt. Governor Edward Clark replaced Houston as Governor (he took the oath)
This ends Houston’s career in politics and military – he retires to home in Huntsville and dies in 1863.

30. Lincoln’s View on States’ Secession
Lincoln said that the Union was “perpetual” (continuing forever) and the Southern states had no right to leave it.
He promised to carry out the law of the land (according to the U.S. constitution) in all states, and
Vowed to preserve the nation at all costs.

31. This is the beginning of the Civil War!
The War Begins
It starts at Fort Sumter, SC:
Confederate soldiers take over Fort Sumter
Fort Sumter— a Union outpost in the Charleston harbor
Confederates demand surrender of Fort Sumter
First Shots
Lincoln does not reinforce or evacuate, just sends food
For South, no action would damage sovereignty of Confederacy
Jefferson Davis chooses to turn peaceful secession into war
Orders Confederate soldiers to fire on Sumter April 12, 1861
This is the beginning of the Civil War!

32. Section 2 – Texans Go to War

33. George McClellan, Again!
Lincoln’s Generals
Winfield Scott
Joseph Hooker
Ulysses S. Grant
Irwin McDowell
George McClellan
George Meade
Ambrose Burnside
George McClellan, Again!

34. McClellan: I Can Do It All!

35. The Confederate Generals Nathan Bedford Forrest
“Stonewall” Jackson
Nathan Bedford Forrest
George Pickett
Jeb Stuart
James Longstreet
Robert E. Lee

36. Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas) July, 1861

37. Buy Your Way Out of Military Service

38. Confederates Fire on Fort Sumter
The Confederacy Takes Control
Confederate soldiers take over government, military installations
Fort Sumter—Union outpost in Charleston harbor
Confederates demand surrender of Fort Sumter
Lincoln’s Dilemma
Reinforcing fort by force would lead rest of slave states to secede
Evacuating fort would legitimize Confederacy, endangering the Union

39. Confederates Fire on Fort Sumter
First Shots
Lincoln does not reinforce or evacuate, just sends food
For South, no action would damage sovereignty of Confederacy
Jefferson Davis chooses to turn peaceful secession into war
fires on Sumter April 12, 1861
Begins the Civil War

40. Confederates Fire on Fort Sumter
Virginia Secedes
Fall of Fort Sumter unites North; volunteers rush to enlist
Virginia unwilling to fight the South; secedes from Union
This is very important, because Virginia is the most populated state in the South, and Robert E. Lee is from Virginia
antislavery western counties secede from VA, creating the state of West Virginia
Three more states secede; border states remain in Union
Border states are very important.
Lincoln will have to make political decisions that will not agitate the border states.

41. Americans Expect a Short War
Union and Confederate Strategies
Union advantages: soldiers, factories, food, and railroads
Confederate advantages: cotton profits, generals, motivation
Anaconda plan: Union strategy to conquer South
blockade Southern ports
divide Confederacy in two in west
capture Richmond, Confederate capital
Confederate strategy: defense, invade North if opportunity arises

42. Overview of the North’s Civil War Strategy:
“Anaconda” Plan

43. The “Anaconda” Plan

44. Americans Expect a Short War
Bull Run
Bull Run—first battle, near Washington, D.C.; Confederate victory
This battle shows both sides that the war will not be short.
Thomas J. Jackson called Stonewall Jackson for firm stand in battle

45. Union Armies in the West
Protecting Washington, D.C.
After Bull Run, Lincoln calls for 1 million additional soldiers
Appoints General George McClellan to lead Army of the Potomac
Forts Henry and Donelson
General Ulysses S. Grant—brave, tough, decisive commander in West
Feb. 1862, Grant captures Confederate Forts Henry, Donelson

46. Union Armies in the West
Shiloh
March 1862, Confederate troops surprise Union soldiers at Shiloh 
Grant counterattacks; Confederates retreat; thousands dead, wounded
Shiloh teaches preparation needed, Confederacy vulnerable in West
Farragut on the Lower Mississippi
David G. Farragut commands fleet that takes New Orleans, April 1862
Why is New Orleans an important victory for the North
takes Baton Rouge, Natchez

47. Pretend that you have been given the task of setting the odds of winning or losing the Civil War. Look at the advantages and disadvantages for both sides and make a prediction and explain your prediction

48. The War for the Capitals
“On to Richmond”
McClellan waits to attack Richmond; drills troops for 5 months [Visual]
Spring 1862, Robert E. Lee takes command of Southern army
Lee, McClellan fight Seven Days’ Battle; Union leaves Richmond area
Lee shows the advantage of military leadership for the Confederacy.
The confederacy in the east is very successful, even though they are outnumber, and outmatched

49. The War for the Capitals
Antietam
Lee wins the Second Battle of Bull Run; marches into Maryland !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Lee, McClellan clash at Antietam—bloodiest single-day battle in American History!!!!!!!
Battle a standoff; Confederates retreat; McClellan does not pursue
Lincoln fires McClellan

50. Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides
Lives on the Lines
Lack of sanitation, personal hygiene lead to disease in camp
Soldiers only required to wash their hands and face once a day, and bath once a week.
Diets are unvaried, limited, unappealing

51. A Revolution in Warfare
Ironclads – What is an Ironclad?
New ironclad ships instrumental in victories of Grant, Farragut
Ironclads splinter wooden ships, withstand cannon, resist burning
March 1862, North’s Monitor, South’s Merrimack fight to a draw
New Weapons
Rifles more accurate, faster loading, fire more rounds than muskets
Minié ball (more destructive bullet), grenades, land mines are used
Fighting from trenches, barricades new advantage in infantry attacks

52. 1864 Copperhead Campaign Poster

53. African Americans Fight for Freedom
Slave Resistance in the Confederacy
Slaves seek freedom behind Union army lines
On plantations, destroy property, refuse to leave with fleeing owners

54. Both Sides Face Political Problems
Conscription
Casualties, desertions lead to conscription—draft to serve in army
Both armies allow draftees to hire substitutes to serve for them
Planters with more than 20 slaves exempted
90% eligible Southerners serve; 92% Northern soldiers volunteer
Draft Riots
White workers fear Southern blacks will come North, compete for jobs
Angry at having to free slaves, mobs rampage through New York City
Also rioted because the rich did not have to fight. (Substitutes)

55. Britain Remains Neutral
Britain Pursues Its Own Interests
Britain has cotton inventory, new sources; does not need South
Needs Northern wheat, corn; chooses neutrality
The Trent Affair
Confederate diplomats travel on Trent to get British, French support
U.S. Navy arrests them; Lincoln frees them, averts war with Britain
Almost brings Britain into the war.

56. African Americans Fight for Freedom
African-American Soldiers 
African Americans 1% of North’s population, by war’s end 10% of army
Lower pay than white troops for most of war; limits on military rank
Will eventually receive equal pay.
High mortality from disease; POWs killed or returned to slavery
Fort Pillow, TN—Confederates massacre over 200 African-American POWs
Why?!!!!!!!!

57. The Peace Movement: Copperheads
Clement Vallandigham

58. The Southern View of Emancipation

59. Battle of Antietam “Bloodiest Single Day of the War”
September 17, 1862
23,000 casualties

60. for better and for worse…
The Year is 1863…
The Civil War is progressing…
The fighting is intense and the death toll is climbing…
Events are unfolding quickly now…these events will forever change the nation…
for better and for worse…

61. The Progress of War:

62. The Emancipation Proclamation

63. Emancipation Proclamation
By issuing the Emancipation Proclamation, President Lincoln makes slavery the focus of the war.
Terms of the Proclamation:
1) frees slaves in the Confederate states
2) does NOT apply to areas occupied by the Union or states
where slavery is permitted in the Union – (such as the border
states of Missouri and Kentucky)
Discourages Britain from supporting/joining the Confederacy
(audio clips of freed slaves)

64. Proclaiming Emancipation
Lincoln’s View of Slavery
Federal government has no power to abolish slavery
where it exists
2) Lincoln decides slaves who labor for Confederacy (southern states) CAN BE FREED
The Proclamation brings mixed reactions…

65. Emancipation in 1863

66. Some Reactions: gives war a higher moral purpose
Free blacks can now join Union army and fight against slavery
Northern Democrats claim it will antagonize the South and prolong the war
Confederacy now MORE DETERMINED to fight to keep slavery
No chance of compromise now-one side must Win and the other side must LOSE!

67. Both Sides Face Political Problems
Dealing with Dissent
Lincoln suspends habeas corpus:
order to bring accused to court, explain charges
(Copperheads – anti-war N Democrats among those arrested)
Seizes telegraph offices to prevent subversion
Davis denounces Lincoln’s action and then suspends habeas corpus in South also
Lincoln’s action in dramatically expanding presidential powers to meet a crisis in wartime “emergency powers” sets precedent for future presidents

68. Presidential Election Results: 1864

69. 1864: Life During Wartime
The Civil War brings about dramatic social and economic changes in American society including:
1) African Americans join the Union army to fight
(54th Massachusetts)
2) Other slaves seek freedom behind Union army lines
3) On plantations: some destroy property, others refuse to leave

70. African-American Recruiting Poster

71. The Famous 54th Massachusetts

72. Black Troops Freeing Slaves

73. The War Affects Regional Economies
FOOD SHORTAGES in the South
Food shortages from lost manpower, Union occupation, loss of slaves
Blockade creates other shortages; some Confederates trade with enemy
ECONOMY BOOM in the North
Industries that supply army boom; some contractors cheat and profit
Wages do not keep up with prices; workers’ standard of living drops
Women replace men on farms, city jobs, government jobs
Congress establishes first income tax on earnings to pay for war

74. Inflation in the South

75. Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides
More soldiers died from Dysentery (diarrhea) than were killed in battle
Lived in unsanitary camps, conditions (epidemics easily spread) wash hands 1/day, bathe 1/week
75% of surgeries were amputations (saw often used on 1 person after another w/o sanitizing)
- fingers the most amputated body part

76. Soldiers Suffer on Both Sides
Prisons
Andersonville—worst Confederate prison (in Georgia)
Conditions so bad that Major (warden) Henry Wirz is tried, convicted, hanged for war crimes from Andersonville
no shelter, sanitation, little food
1/3 of prisoners die
Northern prisons more space, food, shelter Major

77. The North Takes Charge UNION army is wearing down the CONFEDERACY
KEY VICTORIES for Union:
1) Vicksburg, and
2) Gettysburg

78. Armies Clash at Gettysburg
Prelude to Gettysburg
In May 1863, South defeats North at Chancellorsville
Stonewall Jackson mistakenly shot by own troops
dies 8 days later of pneumonia

79. Armies Clash at Gettysburg
Three-day battle at Gettysburg devastates/cripples the South…
1) Union (Meade) and Confederate (Lee)
2) vicious artillery fire
3) on 3rd day, Lee retreats and Meade stays behind
Staggering losses on both sides
This is the turning point in the war

80. Gettysburg Casualties

81. Vicksburg Under Siege Grant Wins at Vicksburg
Confederate Vicksburg prevents Union from controlling Mississippi
Spring 1863, Union destroys MS rail lines, sacks Jackson
Grant begins siege in May
Starving Confederates surrender on July 4
Confederacy completely divided

82. The War in the West, 1863:
Vicksburg

83. The Gettysburg Address
The Memorial Ceremony
November 1863, ceremony held to dedicate cemetery in Gettysburg and honors dead soldiers
Edward Everett, noted speaker, gives flowery two-hour speech
Lincoln’s two-minute Gettysburg Address asserts unity of U.S.
Speech calls for living to dedicate selves to preserving the Union and freedom

84. The Confederacy Wears Down
Confederate Morale
South unable to attack; hopes to get armistice
Civilian morale plummets
Discord in government
Grant Appoints Sherman
March 1864, Lincoln appoints Grant commander of all Union armies
Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman commander of Mississippi division [West]
Grant, Sherman believe in total war
to destroy South’s will to fight

85. The Confederacy Wears Down
Grant and Lee in Virginia
Grants’s strategy:
1) immobilize Lee in Virginia while Sherman raids Georgia
2) May 1864-April 1865, Grant and Lee fight many battles
- heavy losses on both sides
- North can replace soldiers – South cannot!

86. Sherman’s “March to the Sea” through Georgia, 1864

87. The Confederacy Wears Down
Sherman’s March to the Sea
Sept, 1864:
1) Sherman takes Atlanta
- not much of a fight, Atlanta mostly vacant
2) Sherman cuts wide path (60 miles) of destruction across Georgia towards Savannah
3) By December, takes Savannah and moves up to SC
- even more destruction in SC

88. 1864 Election
Pres. Lincoln (R)
George McClellan (D)

89. The Confederacy Wears Down
The Election of 1864
1) Lincoln re-elected for 2nd term
IT’S OVER! The Surrender at Appomatox
1) Davis’s government leaves Richmond and burn it to the ground
2) Lee surrenders April 9, 1865 at the Appomattox Courthouse
- Lee’s soldiers paroled on generous terms

90. Surrender at Appomattox April 9, 1865

91. The Legacy of the War
Civil War settles long-standing disputes over states’ rights and slavery.
Many changes follow….

92. The War Changes the Nation
Political Changes
1) ends threats of secession
2) increases power of federal government
Economic Changes
1) new federal system of chartered banks
2) Gap between North and South widens
- North: industry and commercial agriculture growth
- South: industry, farms destroyed

93. Casualties on Both Sides

94. Civil War Casualties in Comparison to Other Wars

95. The Costs of the War Costs of the War
1) Hundreds of thousands dead, wounded; lives disrupted
Union troops killed 360,000
Confederate troops killed 260,000
Financially, war costs the government an
estimated $3.3 billion

96. The War Changes Lives New Birth of Freedom
1) 1865: 13th Amendment abolishes slavery in all states
Civilians Follow New Paths
1) Some soldiers stay in army, others are civilians, many go west

97. Ford’s Theater (April 14, 1865)

98. The Assassination

99. The War Changes our Future
Assassination of President Abraham Lincoln
1) April 14, 1865, Lincoln is shot at Ford’s Theatre
2) Assassin John Wilkes Booth escapes, is trapped by Union cavalry and shot
3) 7 million people pay respects to Lincoln’s funeral train

100. The Assassin
John Wilkes Booth

101. Now He Belongs to the Ages!

102. WANTED~~!!

103. The Execution