1. Presented by: Your Name HERE
Ballast Basics II
Presented by: Your Name HERE

2. Topic Outline Advanced Ballast Definitions Standards & Regulations
Power Factor, THD, Starting Temperatures, Remote Mounting, & Shut Down Circuits
Standards & Regulations
UL Listed & DOE
Lighting Retrofits & Energy Savings
HID & T5HO Examples
Controllable Lighting for Energy Management
Dimming Technology

3. Above .90 ls ‘HIGH’ Power Factor (Highest Possible is 1.0)
Power Factor indicates how efficiently the power from the utility is being utilized. The higher the power factor, the less current is needed to provide the same amount of power.
A high power factor ballast allows for more ballasts on a circuit. Also, utilities have penalties for facilities with low power factors since it requires more current to be generated.
The formal equation:
PF = Actual Power (Watts)/Apparent Power (Volts x Amps)
Example:
120 Watts of 120V with PF = Input Current = 1 amp
120 Watts of 120V with PF = Input Current = 1.66 amps
- More current required for the same power
Some utility companies penalize their customers for power factors below .85 .
Above .90 ls ‘HIGH’ Power Factor (Highest Possible is 1.0)

4. Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
THD is a measurement of the harmonic content in the current a piece of equipment draws from the power line.
Current may be drawn at the fundamental frequency (60Hz) or combined with harmonic currents which are multiples of the fundamental, i.e. 180Hz, 300Hz, and 420Hz (3rd, 5th and 7th harmonics).
Increased temperatures and interference can greatly shorten the life of electronic equipment.
High Harmonic Values:
Result in large neutral currents in 3-phase Systems
Potential for overheating neutral conductors
Cause Voltage distortion problems
In the example shown, the wave shapes are that of a pure 60Hz sine wave (0% THD) and one of an input current that has 17% THD. The higher the distortion value, the more the two wave shapes become dissimilar.

5. Total Harmonic Distortions (THD)
System Retrofit Analysis with effect on THD
Lighting System Before Retrofit:
2 lamp magnetic ballast with F34T12 lamps
Ballast THD = 20%, Watts = 74W, I = .65A
Harmonic Current  .20 x .65 =.13A
New Electronic Lighting System after Retrofit:
2 lamp Electronic ballast with F32T8 lamps
THD = 20%, Watts = 51W, I = .44A
Harmonic Current  .20 x .44 =.088A
This Retrofit with an Electronic Ballast Provides approximately a 32% Reduction in Harmonic Current and in Power consumption.

6. THD: Typical Values Typical Values for THD include:
Electro Magnetic Ballasts: Less than 30%
ANSI Ballast Requirement: Less than 32%
Universal’s HP Family: Less than 10%
Typical screw-in CFL’s: Greater than 100%
Typical specified THD Levels are either less than 10% or less than 20%.
Requirements for ballasts to meet ANSI requirements allows for THD values to be just less than 32%.
The industry standard for THD is <20%. However, some mfrs. will push <10% THD because they do not offer a full product line.

7. Starting Temperatures
Minimum temperature starting is both ballast and lamp dependent.
See ballast label for specifics (standard is 50°F for most magnetic ballasts).
Energy saving lamps do not function well below 60°F, including the newer 25, 28, and 30-Watt T8 lamps.
Remote mounting increases the minimum starting temperature.
Most electronic ballasts are designed for -20°F starting.
Magnetic High Output: -20°F.
In low temperature applications, it is important for the lamps to heat up to generate sufficient light output.
Lamp Jackets are typically used in these applications so that the heat that the lamp generates is used to heat the lamp rather than to dissipate into the outside air.

8. Remote Mounting
Ballasts are limited in how far they can be mounted from the lamps they are operating.
For Electromagnetic ballasts, larger gauge wire is necessary to compensate for voltage drops from the leads.
For Electronic ballasts, high frequency interactions between the leads and conduit reduce the ballast output voltage. For electronic ballasts, a maximum distance is specified by the ballast manufacturer.
Remote Mounting Distance Definition:
Maximum allowable length of the ballast lead wire from the ballast to the lampholder.
Typical remote mounting distances:
Instant Start: 18’
Programmed Start 1 & 2 lamp: 20’
Programmed Start 3 & 4 lamp: 12’
When operating energy saving lamps: 6’
Dimming Ballasts: 8’
Consult specification sheets for specific ballasts.

9. Shut Down Circuits End of Lamp Life (EOL)
When lamps with a bulb diameter of T5 or less are operated on high frequency electronic ballasts without EOL sensing circuitry, one or both of the following scenarios may occur at end-of-lamp-life:
1. Glass cracking near lamp base
(The filament opens and touches the glass)
2. Overheating or melting of lamp base or socket
(Lamp rectifies and generates significant heat at the filaments and socket)
Many ballasts now include shutdown circuits that sense when the lamp is at its end-of-life and will shut down power to the lamps to prevent the undesirable failure modes.

10. UL is Required for US Market – CSA or cULus for Canada.
UL Listed
Underwriters Laboratory
UL 935: Ballast Standard
Safety Requirement
Assure proper ratings on labels
Lamps – denotes which lamps are approved for use
Input current ratings
Input & Output Voltages
Requires passing of various tests for safe operation, including….
Faults are induced within the ballast to confirm that the ballast fails safely
Tests for shock hazard potential during lamp replacements
Confirms case temperatures are within limits
Requires 100% production tests for insulation/isolation from internal components and lead wires
UL is Required for US Market – CSA or cULus for Canada.

11. Regulations DOE Ruling in 2005
Defined Minimum Ballast Efficacy (BEF) levels for high power factor ballasts.
Affected ballasts for the following applications:
One and two lamp F40T12 and two lamp F96T12 (120 & 277 volts)
These new BEF Limits are higher than capable with magnetic ballasts which will speed the conversion to electronic ballasts for the lighting industry.
Ballasts listed for operating only the energy saving lamps are exempt (F34T12 lamps) .
Two lamp F96T12/HO
These BEF limits can still be met with energy saving magnetic ballasts.
Implementation dates varied for ballast sales to different channels.
Fixture manufacturers (OEM’s) July 1, 2005
Electrical Distributors (Replacement) July 1, 2010
Ballasts excluded from this law include the following:
Low Power Factor (<.90) and labeled “For residential use only”
Dimming ballasts
F96T12/HO Ballasts designed for –20° F or less and for use in outdoor signs
Ballasts for F32T8 lamps
Ballasts for F34T12 lamps without F40T12 lamps on the label ( this loophole was closed in 2009).
In July 2010, replacement magnetic ballasts were no longer available from manufacturers for the high volume T12 applications.

12. Regulations New DOE Ruling for 2014
New DOE Linear Fluorescent Efficiency Standard:
January 13, became law.
November all manufacturers must comply.
Defined stricter minimum efficiencies using BLE*
Affects nearly all non-dimming ballasts for linear lamps in V range
Commercial IS/RS/PS ballasts that operate 4’ linear, 2’ U-bent, 8’ slimline, or 8’ HO lamps
Sign ballasts
Residential IS/RS/PS ballasts that operate 4’ linear, 2’ U-bent, or 8’ slimline lamps
Ballasts excluded from these requirements:
347V and 480V
Export
Dimming ballasts
T8 ballasts for EMI- sensitive environments
Low ballast factor PS ballasts for 4’ T8 lamps
*BLE is ballast luminous efficiency and will replace BEF as lamp efficiency measurement in 2014.

13. Retrofit Energy Savings
Ballast Retrofits
Retrofit Energy Savings
Electronic ballasts are commonly used in lighting retrofits where magnetic ballasts with T12 lamps are removed from lighting fixtures and replaced with electronic ballasts and T8 lamps.
The key reason for this is the significant financial savings that result from these energy saving retrofits although there are numerous other lighting benefits that are achieved.
To Calculate the financial savings, the following information is needed.
- Existing lighting fixture’s input power
- Replacement system’s input power
- Annual hours of operation
- Utility rate
- Quantity of lighting fixtures
Input power values are available from ballast manufacturers’ catalogs or specification sheets.

14. Retrofit Energy Saving Equations:
Ballast Retrofits
Retrofit Energy Saving Equations:
Energy Savings = Existing Wattage – New Wattage kW Savings = Energy Savings ÷ 1,000 kWH Savings = (kW Savings) x (Annual Operating Hours) Annual Utility Savings: Energy Savings (Watts) x Annual Operating Hours x Utility rate ($/kWH)  1000 (for conversion of units) Annual Utility savings ( $’s)

15. Retrofit Example Continued…
Ballast Retrofits
Retrofit Example Continued…
Maximize energy savings by not over-lighting an area!

16. Retrofit Wiring Connection - Electromagnetic to Electronic
Ballast Retrofits
Retrofit Wiring Connection - Electromagnetic to Electronic
Magnetic Rapid Start to Electronic Programmed Rapid Start:
No wiring changes for 1 & 2 lamp models.
3 & 4 lamp models will combine lamp pairs.
Two wires connect to each lamp socket.
Magnetic Rapid Start to Electronic Instant Start:
Simple wiring changes.
Lampholders are effectively shorted out.
Fewer connections than rapid start wiring.

17. Rapid Start to Instant Start Wiring – 2 Lamp:
Ballast Retrofits
Rapid Start to Instant Start Wiring – 2 Lamp:
Blue
Red
Yellow
BALLAST
Line
Existing leads are tied together and connected to new ballast leads which connects both sides of a filament with itself for proper operation.
Magnetic T12 Rapid Start Wiring
Blue
Red
BALLAST
Line
Yellows
Reds
Blues
Electronic T8 Instant Start Wiring

18. Rapid Start to Instant Start Wiring – 4 Lamp:
Ballast Retrofits
Rapid Start to Instant Start Wiring – 4 Lamp:
Blue
Yellow
BALLAST
Line
Yellows
Reds
Blues
Red
Existing lead pairs from the magnetic ballasts are tied together and connected to a single lead of the same color from new electronic ballast. One four lamp electronic ballast can replace two 2-lamp magnetic ballasts.
Lamps from 1stmagnetic ballast
Lamps from 2ndmagnetic ballast

19. Magnetic High Bay HID Lighting
HID Lighting Issues:
High energy consumption
Better than incandescent, but they still use significant amounts of power.
Cannot provide immediate light
Lamps do not light instantly but will take a few minutes to attain full brightness.
HID lamps cannot effectively connect to occupancy sensors because of the warm-up and re-strike delays.
Magnetic HID ballasts generate noise
Not conducive to many applications.
Poor lumen maintenance
HID lamps significantly decrease in lumen output over time.
65% Lumens at 40% of rated life.
Poor Color Rendering Index (CRI) values
Low CRI values reduces the color quality of the light.
HID lamps color vary over time from lamp to lamp.
Most HID High Bay fixture efficiencies are poor, < 80%
Fixtures do not effectively reflect light out.

20. HID Alternative Lighting Solutions:
High Lumen Fluorescent
HID Alternative Lighting Solutions:
Energy efficient
Over 30% saving in utility costs over magnetic HID.
Instant on with no warm-up time
Lamps fire immediately with no warm-up time.
Compatible with occupancy sensors for maximum energy savings since there are no warm-up or re-strike delays.
Quiet operation
Sound rated A, ideal for retail, schools, etc.
Excellent lumen maintenance
90-95% Lumens at 40% rated life.
Light levels remain fairly consistent over time.
Excellent color
CRI values typically 75 to 85.
No color variance or shift over time.
Fixture efficiencies are greater than 90%
New High Bay fluorescent fixtures are extremely efficient compared to the common HID High Bay fixtures.
Applications:
Warehouses
Gymnasiums
Big Box Retail
Industrial

21. High Bay Applications:
High Lumen Fluorescent
High Bay Applications:
Note: Fluorescent lamps are very temperature dependent while HID lamps provide fairly constant light output across all temperatures.
Fluorescent lamps have identified ambient temperatures where they provide maximum light output.
For extreme cold temperatures, fluorescent lamps might not be suitable unless the lamp is jacketed or the fixture is designed to retain heat.
T5HO Optimal Temperature
35°C (95°F) Ambient
T8 Optimal Temperature
25°C (77°F) Ambient

22. T5HO High Bay Fluorescent
T5HO Lamps (F54T5HO):
Provide the most light with the fewest lamps
4-Lamp T5HO fixtures are frequently used to replace Watt Metal Halide HID fixture.
6-Lamp T5HO fixtures increase light levels but still save energy over 400 Watt fixtures.
Programmed Start products available
Ideal for use with occupancy sensors
Maximizes lamp life in frequently switched applications
T5HO Lamps are at maximum light levels in 35°C (95°F) ambient temperatures
Ballasts are available for 120, 277, 347, and 480 volt applications

23. Light Output over Time:
HID to T5HO Lumen Comparisons
Light Output over Time:
400 Watt Metal Halide fixtures start with the highest delivered lumens but due to poor lumen maintenance, their light levels drop off significantly over time.
4-Lamp and 6-Lamp T5HO fixtures light levels remain fairly constant and at the same time operate with lower input Watts
Delivered system lumens uses HID fixture efficiency of .80 & Fluorescent fixture of .92
Less lumen depreciation allows for better designs for specific applications.

24. T5HO Retrofit Example Warehouse Conversion: HID to Electronic T5HO:
Additional Benefits:
Improved lighting
Uniform illumination
Color
Less glare
Instant-on capabilities
Ability to control lamps with occupancy sensors
Reduction of 48,488 Kilowatts
Before
After

25. T8 High Bay Fluorescent T8 Lamps (F32T8)
Most common lamp for electronic ballasts.
This same lamp is probably used elsewhere in the same facility.
Variety of lamp options available.
Colors, CRI’s, life ratings, energy saving lamp options, etc.
Instant Start and Programmed Start high ballast factor ballasts used for High Lumen applications.
Ballast Factor of 1.18 to maximize light output from the lamp.
T8 Lamps are at Maximum light output at 25°C (77°F) ambient temperature.
Ballasts are available for 120, 277, 347, and 480 volt applications.

26. Light Output over Time:
HID to T8 Lumen Comparisons
Light Output over Time:
400 Watt Metal Halide fixtures start with the highest delivered lumens but due to poor lumen maintenance, light levels drop off significantly over time.
4-Lamp and 6-Lamp T8 fixtures light levels remain fairly constant and at the same time, operate with lower input Watts.
6-Lamp fixtures are the common T8 replacement of 400 Watt MH HID fixtures.
Delivered system lumens uses HID fixture efficiency of .80 & Fluorescent fixture of .92
6-Lamp T8 provides lower initial lumens but higher maintained lumens.

27. T8 Retrofit Example Gymnasium conversion from HID to Electronic T8:
Additional Benefits:
Quiet operation
Improved color
Instant-on
Ability to control lamps with occupancy sensors
$0.10

28. Controllable Lighting for Energy Management
Daylight Harvesting
Use of skylights and windows allows for natural light to be incorporated as a lighting source.
Dim lights to save energy when natural light is available.
Scheduling
Control power and light levels automatically.
Reduce levels when allowable to maximize energy savings.
Peak Load Reduction
Enable lighting for use to control peak energy consumption.
Incorporate lighting controls to allow for Demand Response events and other utility programs.

29. Light Level Switching Light Level switching from 100% power to 50%
Meets switching requirements (ASHRAE90.1, Title 24, etc.)
Provides even illumination in the fixture
Aesthetically pleasant looking
Inboard/Outboard switching creates dark spots and uneven illumination
Incorporates standard wall switches to command the ballast
Very intuitive and user friendly
White
Ballast
Input
Both Switches in OFF position
0% Power
One Switch ON
50% Power
Both Switches ON
100% Power S1
Black S2
Black

30. Analog Dimming
SuperDim™ 0-10 volt analog dimming ballasts operate with industry standard 0 to 10V dimming controls. Every ballast connected to the same low voltage control will dim to the same level.
SuperDim™ Ballasts feature:
Architectural Dimming levels
100% - 3%: Compact fluorescent lamps
100%-1%: T8, T5 and T5HO linear lamps
Universal input voltage ( volts)
Programmed rapid start technology
Ideal for applications where preset lighting is desired
THD <10%

31. Digital Dimming Technology
Ballasts, Modules, and Controls are factory assigned with their own unique digital address.
Digital commands are communicated from wall controls to all components on the lighting circuit via a 2-wire control loop.
Digital addresses allow for communication to specific components on the control loop.
Signals from standard 2-wire analog and 3-wire control technologies effect all components connected to the control loop.
Digital control of ballasts eliminates the need for dimmer panels with fluorescent lighting.
The ballast utilizes microprocessors to read commands and control current levels going to the lamps.
DALI (Digital Addressable Lighting Interface) is the Industry Standard.

32. Digital Dimming Ballasts
DaliPRO® ballasts are designed for use in systems that utilize DALI compatible controls or building management systems. With DaliPro™ ballasts as part of a networked lighting system, maximum lighting control is available.
DaliPRO® features:
Digital Addressable Lighting Interface (DALI)
Industry standard protocol for digital dimming.
For use with DALI compatible controls
Numerous manufacturers with products.
Architectural Dimming levels
100% - 3%: Compact fluorescent lamps.
100%-1%: T8, T5 and T5HO linear lamps.
Variety of applications
Single rooms with wall controls.
Networked facilities with Building Management Systems.
Full line of CFL, T5, T5HO & T8 ballasts available

33. Demand Control Lighting
Communicates to the ballasts over the power line
Wireless: removes the requirement to run control wires to each fixture
Controls are connected adjacent to the lighting panel
Retrofit or new construction applications
Designed for use as part of an energy savings strategy for lighting
Power level ranges from 100% to at least 50%
Not designed for architectural dimming
Control options still evolving
Local computer control
Daylight harvesting
Incorporate with a Building automation/ Energy management system
Ideal for implementation with a Demand Response System

34. For Additional Information, please visit our website www.unvlt.com or
use your QR Reader for Smart Phone instant access.
Thank you
Website:
Nashville Customer Service: (800)
Universal Technical Engineering Services: BALLAST ( ) |