1. THE PRESS Eighteenth-century famous publication The Spectator, The Tatler (Addison and Steele) The Rambler, The Idler (Samuel Johnson) The Gentleman’s Magazine Nineteenth century= Explosion of the Press

2. Since the beginning of the century: The Times The (Manchester) Guardian Sunday Papers Radical Pamphlets Mid-century → New Journalism 1880s → London capital of the press

3. SERIALIZATION The Pickwick Papers (1836) Pickwick merchandising included: breeches and waistcoats, chintzes, jugs and mugs, pastries. “Pickwick mania seized first Britain, then abroad. [It] was spontaneous, [...] not invented by successful publishers to cash in on the popularity of a character in a book” (Wilson, p.19).

5. Punch Magazine

7. Yesterday we mentioned ALFRED TENNYSON ROBERT BROWNING the two most famous Victorian poets

8. The Pickwick Papers Household Words All the Year Round The Cornhill Magazine Punch Fraser’s Magazine

9. Serialization Novels and poems appeared in INSTALLMENTS (usually twenty, monthly or weekly)

10. EFFECTS: - on the writer - on the reader - on the novel

11. NARRATOLOGY WHAT IS FICTION?

12. NARRATIVE FICTION the narration of a succession of fictional events STORY the events the characters when (time) where (setting) (NARRATIVE) DISCOURSE voice focalization order

13. Real Author Real Reader Implied author Narrator Narratee Implied Reader

14. NARRATOR THIRD PERSON -omniscient / non-omniscient -obtrusive / unobtrusive FIRST PERSON - protagonist - another character

15. The most common narrator in Victorian novels is an omniscient and intrusive third-person narrator but there are exceptions. (see Bertinetti, p. 189)

16. Some notable exceptions: → First-person narrators in Dickens, Charlotte Bronte, etc. → Wuthering Heights (1847) by Emily Bronte → Dracula (1897) by Abraham Stoker

17. PROSE FICTION Novel Romance Short Story tale fairy tale (vsfable) novella

18. The novel has been considered the major literary genre of the Victorian age. However, recognition of the novel as literature starts in the second half of the century (George Eliot, Henry James) and inclusion in the literary canon only in the twentieth.

19. F.R. LEAVIS (a university professor and scholar) The Great Tradition (1948) Jane Austen George Eliot Henry James Joseph Conrad (later he included Hard Times by Dickens)

20. DOUBLE and CONTRADICTORY nature of the Victorian Novel Moralism, endorsment of Victorian values Subversive power, irony, social satire and denunciation