1. Late Roman Republic

2. Roman Republic Map, 40 BC

3. Wars after Punic Wars Numantine Wars – Spain Servile War – several slave revolts in Sicily from 130 BC to 71 BC including Spartacus Jugurthine War – against half of Numidia (Jugurtha) 100 BC – Julius Caesar born

4. Pre-Caesar Generals Rivalry between Marius and Sulla Confiscations of property Sulla fought in Jugurthine War and against Mithridates in Pontus Pompey and Crassus joined Sulla against Marius Proscriptions – confiscation and selling of property

5. Spartacus 73 BC - Thracian, sold as slave-gladiator Led revolt at a gladiator school Left town and picked up 70,000 rural slaves on the way to the Alps Won several battles, left behind by pirate ships Crassus finally defeated slaves, Pompey had 6000 crucified on Appian Way

6. First Triumvirate Normal - Two consuls, sometimes one dictator Pompey annexes Syria and Jerusalem Caesar conquers parts of Spain Crassus had defeated Spartacus 59 BC - They form 1 st Triumvirate, three consuls in power Calpurnia, second wife

7. Rise of Julius Caesar Crassus dies fighting Parthians in Mesopotamia Proconsul Caesar defeated nemesis Gaul Vercingetorix Pompey marries daughter of Caesar’s enemy Triumvirate dead Caesar crosses Rubicon in 49 BC “The die is cast.” Roman Civil War begins

8. Roman Civil War Pompey flees Rome to Greece Caesar re-elected consul/dictator, then resigns Marc Antony second in command “Master of the Horse” Caesar defeats Pompey’s lieutenants in Spain 48 BC - Pompey flees to Egypt, tricked and beheaded Caesar receives his head, allies with Cleopatra Helps her in Egyptian Civil War

9. Caesar Back in Rome Caesar returns to Rome in 47 BC Starts enacting reforms Puts own image on coins Offered title of rex but rejects it 44 BC – Ides of March, Caesar stabbed to death by 60 senators fearful of his becoming king and ending the republic