1. Health Occupations
Muscular System – Unit 1

2. Muscle
Location
Function
Frontalis
Above nose & eyes
Raises eyebrows
Temporalis
Temples
Closes the jaw
Orbicularis Occuli
Around eye
Closes eye
Masseter
Jaw
Clenches teeth
Orbicularis Oris
Around lips
Closes lips, kisses
Trapezius
Upper back & neck
Extends head, shoulder
Sternocleidomastoid
side of neck
Turns & flexes head
Deltoid
Shoulder
Abducts arm, injection
Pectoralis
Upper chest
Adducts & flexes arm
Triceps
Upper arm
Extends lower arm
Serratus
Ventral lower ribs
Moves scapula
Anterior biceps
Upper arm
Flexes lower arm
Lattisimus dorsi
Spine around to chest
Extends, adducts arm
Rectus abdominis
Ribs to pubis
Compresses abd
Exterior oblique
Lower abd/pelvis (lat)
Bends/rotates vertebrae
Sartorius
Front of thigh
Abducts & flexes
Rectus femoris
Front of thigh
Extends leg
Vastus lateralis
Lateral thigh
Extends knee
Vastus medialis
Medial thigh
Extends knee
gastrocnemius
Back of lower leg
Flexes sole of foot
Tibialis anterior
Flexes & inverts foot
Front of lower leg
Bicep femoralis
Back of thigh
Flexes knee, lat rotate thigh, extends
hip
Gluteus maximus
buttocks
Extends thigh, injection
Achilles tendon
Back of calf
Allows calf to function

3. Frontalis
Sternocleidomastoid
Trapezius
Deltoid
Pectoralis
Triceps
Serratus
Biceps
Latissmus dorsi
Rectus abdominus
Exterior oblique
Sartorius
Gluteus maximus
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Gastrocnemius
Tibialis anterior
Achilles tendon

4. Muscular System Made up of over 600 muscles
Organs – bundles of muscle fibers held in place by connective tissue
Contraction
Movement of muscles when stimulated
Tonus
Muscle’s ability to maintain slight & continuous contraction

5. Muscular System Types of stimulation
Electrical
Mechanical
Chemical
When not contracted, muscles are FLACCID or soft

6. Properties of muscles Excitability Contractility Extensibility
Irritability, ability to respond to a stimulus such as a nervous impulse
Contractility
Ability to shorten forcefully when stimulated
Extensibility
Ability to be stretched
Elasticity
Ability to recoil to its resting length when relaxed

7. Functions of muscle Aids in movement Provides & maintains posture
Protects internal organs
Provides movement of blood, food, & wastes through the body
Opens & closes body openings
Produces heat

8. Indistinctly striated
Types of muscle tissue
Muscle type
Appearance
Manner of control
Skeletal
Striated
Voluntary
Visceral
Smooth
Involuntary
Cardiac
Indistinctly striated
involuntary

9. Skeletal Muscle >40% of body weight
Increases in size & weight with exercise
Decreases in size & weight with inactivity
Variety of sizes & shapes due to genetics, nutrition, & exercise
Tendons – attach muscles to bone
Narrow strips of dense connective tissue
Gastrocnemius
Calf muscle attaches with the Achilles tendon to the heel

10. Skeletal Muscle Fascia – Named by: Tough, sheetlike membrane
Covers & protects tissue
Deep muscles of back & trunk are surrounded by lumbodorsal fascia
Named by:
Location
Related bones
Shape
Action
Size

11. Skeletal Muscle Appearance Striated under microscope
Made up of bundles of fine fibers
Number of fibers doesn’t increase much after birth
Muscle mass increases due to increase in fiber SIZE not number

12. Actions & Movements of skeletal muscles
Adduction – toward midline
Abduction – away from midline
Flexion – decreasing angle between 2 bones
Extension – increasing angle between 2 bones
Rotation – turning a part around its own axis
Circumduction – moving in a a joint
Pronation – turning hand or foot downward or backward
Supination – turning hand or foot upward or forward

13. Flexion
Rotation
Extension
Abduction
Pronation
Supination
Adduction

14. Sarcomere Basic unit of muscle fibers causing muscular contraction
Made up of actin & myosin myofibrils
Most contract under voluntary control
3 parts to skeletal muscle
Origin – the end of muscle attaching to less moveable part of bone
Action or body – thick, middle part of muscle
Insertion – the end of muscle attaching to most moveable part of bone

15. Sarcomere (cont) Movement occurs by pulling bones, working in PAIRS
One muscle contracts
Counteracting muscle relaxes
Prime mover – AGONIST
Pulls to contract muscle
Antagonist muscle –
Relaxes when agonist contracts
Synergists & fixators
Keep muscle & bone stable during movement

16. Contracted
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Relaxed
Origin
Action or body
Relaxed
Insertion
Contracted

17. Sarcomere (cont) Atrophy Contracture
Shrinking in size & loss of strength of muscle
Occurs when muscle is not used over time
Contracture
Severe tightening of a flexor muscle
Results in bending of a joint
Foot drop is common

18. Visceral Muscle Smooth, NO striations like skeletal muscle
Contracts when stimulated
Controlled by autonomic nervous system
Lines various organs
Makes up walls of blood vessels
Found in tubes of digestive system
Sphincter muscles (circular)
Opens & closes pupils
Urinary bladder

19. Cardiac muscle Found only in heart Indistinctly striated
Involuntary control
Has specialized cells that provide a stimulus for contraction - PACEMAKER

20. Range of Motion (ROM) Standards
Move each joint slowly, gently, smoothly
Support each joint during movement
Don’t move joint past its present level of movement
If pain occurs, stop movement & report
Watch face, especially eyes, for signs of pain
Discuss exercise plan with charge nurse
Perform ROM on one side of body at a time
Move each joint 5 times

21. ROM Procedure Wash hands Identify client
Explain procedure & ask permission to perform skill
Provide privacy

22. ROM Shoulder Hold wrist & elbow Flexion & extension
Abduction & adduction
Horizontal abduction & adduction (hand to opposite shoulder, then back out to shoulder level)
Rotation of elbow, up & down like hand signal

23. ROM Elbow Hold wrist & elbow Flexion & extension
Rotation of hand, up & down towards face & feet

24. ROM Wrist Hold wrist & fingers Flexion & extension
Hyperextension of hand
Abduction & adduction of wrist
Tilt Hand towards toes, bring hand, thumb side up, towards nose

25. ROM Fingers/Thumbs Hold hand Make fist to flex fingers
Straighten fist by extending fingers
Abduction, adduction of all fingers
Thumb abduction, adduction
Thumb opposition

26. ROM Hip & Knee Hold knee & ankle
Flexion knee & hip, extend knee, return to resting position
Abduction & adduction
Rotation of leg, inward & outward

27. ROM Ankle Hold ankle & foot Flexion & extension of foot
Foot abduction & adduction

28. ROM Toes To finish Hold foot Flexion & extension of toes
Abduction & adduction of toes
To finish
Position comfortably
Bed lowest position
Side rails up, call light in place
Wash hands