1. PowerPoint Slides to Accompany Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers Seventh Edition Paul A. Alberto Anne C. Troutman ISBN:
Alberto & Troutman Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

2. Single-Subject Designs
Chapter 5
Single-Subject Designs
Alberto & Troutman Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

3. Chapter Outline Variables and Functional Relationships
Basic Categories of Designs
AB Design
Reversal Design
Changing Criterion Design
Multiple Baseline Design
Alternating Treatments Design
Changing Conditions Design
Evaluating Single-Subject Designs
Alberto & Troutman Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

4. Dependent and Independent Variables
“The behavior targeted for change.”
Independent Variable:
“The intervention being used to change behavior.”
Alberto & Troutman Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

5. What is the Dependent and Independent Variable?
To increase compliance in vocational settings by implementing a token reinforcement system.
Use picture prompts with students with severe disabilities to increase instruction-following skills.
Students will increase their organizational skills by outlining their daily activities on a schedule checklist for six weeks.
The use of graduated guidance will enable the student to eventually feed himself.
Increase reading skills by two grade levels following instruction using the “I’m A Better Reader” program in combination with time delay.
Implement a response cost system for verbal outbursts.
Give the puppy a treat when he follows his master’s commands.
Marty writes his name in the appropriate space in order to obtain teacher approval.
When students correctly complete their homework assignments, they earn free time using the computer.
Mrs. Hoffman uses differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors to increase in seat behaviors.
Alberto & Troutman Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

6. Research Designs AB Design Reversal Design Changing Criterion Design
Multiple Baseline Design
Alternating Treatments Design
Changing Conditions Design
Alberto & Troutman Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

7. AB Design Baseline Intervention Sessions
Alberto & Troutman Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

8. AB Design: Advantages and Disadvantages
Simple to use
Cannot be used to make a confident assumption of a functional relationship.
Does not provide for replication
Alberto & Troutman Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

9. Reversal Design Baseline Intervention Baseline 2 Intervention 2
Alberto & Troutman Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

10. Reversal Design: Advantages and Disadvantages
ABAB design is most desirable of reversal designs because it allows us to see the effects of the independent variable on the natural rate of occurrence of the target behavior
Use this design:
When a clear functional relationship between independent and dependent variable needs to be demonstrated
When the nature of the target behavior is such that it can be reversed when the treatment is withdrawn
When the nature of the treatment is such that its effects are not present on the target behavior after it is withdrawn
When withdrawal of treatment does not compromise ethics
Alberto & Troutman Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

11. Reversal Design: Advantages and Disadvantages
Do not use this design:
When the target behavior is not reversible
When the treatment effects will continue after the treatment is withdrawn
When it is not educationally or clinically desirable for the behavior to return to baseline levels
When the target behavior is such that withdrawal of effective treatment would be unethical
Alberto & Troutman Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

12. Changing Criterion Design
Alberto & Troutman Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

13. Changing Criterion Design: Advantages and Disadvantages
Helpful when working on behaviors that are being shaped
Helpful when the terminal goal that is set takes a long time to reach
The treatment does not have to be withdrawn to show its requisite functional relationship with the target behavior
Not appropriate when behavior must occur immediately
It may not be appropriate to “hold back” an individual and his/her behavior change
Alberto & Troutman Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

14. Multiple Baseline Design Across Students
Alberto & Troutman Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

15. Multiple Baseline: Advantages and Disadvantages
Use this design:
When withdrawal designs are not feasible due to ethical concerns
When there is more than one target behavior, setting, or individual in need of treatment
When the effects of the independent variable cannot be withdrawn or reversed
Alberto & Troutman Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

16. Multiple Baseline: Advantages and Disadvantages
Do not use this design:
When selected target behaviors are not functionally similar nor independent of one another
If there is only one individual/setting/behavior selected for treatment
When more than one intervention phase is desirable to demonstrate a functional relationship
When constraints on resources make implementation impossible
Alberto & Troutman Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

17. Changing Conditions Design
Baseline
Intervention 1
Intervention 2
Alberto & Troutman Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

18. Changing Conditions Design: Advantages and Disadvantages
Used to investigate the effect of two or more treatments on the behavior of a student
Cannot be used to determine the effects of a functional relationship between the dependent variable and any of the tested independent variables
Alberto & Troutman Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

19. Alternating Treatments Design
Alberto & Troutman Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

20. Alternating Treatments Design: Advantages and Disadvantages
Use this design:
When you want to determine the relative effectiveness of more than one treatment on a given behavior
When baseline data are either unavailable or might be unstable
When the treatments are sufficiently different from each other
When the subjects can discriminate the treatment conditions
When the effects of sequencing the interventions might obscure the results
Alberto & Troutman Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.

21. Alternating Treatments Design: Advantages and Disadvantages
Avoid this design:
When the treatments might interact, thus obscuring the results
When the subjects cannot discriminate the treatment conditions
When the treatments typically produce slow behavior changes
When the treatments need to be administered over a continuous period of time to be effective
When it becomes difficult to counterbalance the various aspects of the study
Alberto & Troutman Applied Behavior Analysis for Teachers, 7e
Copyright ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved.