1. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter 5: Body Structure

2. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Chapter Objectives  Main directional terms used in anatomy.  Division of the body along three different planes.  Dorsal and ventral body cavities.  Nine divisions of the abdomen.  Four quadrants of the abdomen.  Main body positions used in medical practice.  Basic terms describing body structure  Roots pertaining to body regions.  Prefixes pertaining to position and direction.

3. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Key Terms abdominal cavityThe larger ventral cavity below the diaphragm and above the pelvic cavity abdominopelvic cavity The larger ventral cavity between the diaphragm and pelvis that includes the abdominal and pelvic cavity anatomic positionStandard position for anatomical studies, in which the body is erect and facing forward, the arms are at the sides with palms forward, and the feet are parallel cranial cavityThe dorsal cavity that contains the brain diaphragmThe muscle that separate the thoracic from the abdominal cavity frontal (coronal) plane Plane of section that separates the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions pelvic cavityThe ventral cavity that is below the abdominal cavity

4. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Key Terms (cont’d) peritoneumThe large serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and cover the organs with it sagittal planePlane that divides the body into right and left portions spinal cavity (canal)Dorsal cavity that contains the spinal cord thoracic cavityThe ventral cavity above the diaphragm; the chest cavity transverse (horizontal) plane Plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions

5. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Supplementary Terms digitA finger or toe (adjective, digital) epigastriumThe epigastric region fundusThe base or body of a hollow organ; the area of an organ farthest from its opening hypochondriumThe hypochondriac region (left or right) lumenThe central opening within a tube or hollow organ meatusA passage or opening orificeThe opening of a cavity osMouth; any body opening septumA wall dividing two cavities sinusA cavity, as within a bone sphincterA circular muscle that regulates an opening

6. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Abbreviations LLQLeft lower quadrant LUQLeft upper quadrant RLQRight lower quadrant RUQRight upper quadrant

7. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Directional Terms Anatomical position –Beginning reference point –Body upright –Facing front –Arms at side, palms forward –Feet parallel

8. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Planes of Section Frontal plane –Coronal plane –Divides body into anterior, posterior parts Sagittal plane –Divides body into right, left portions –If plane cuts midline, called midsagittal or medial plane Transverse plane –Divides body into superior, inferior parts

9. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Planes of Section (cont’d)

10. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Body Cavities Dorsal cavity contains: –Cranial cavity –Spinal cavity

11. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Body Cavities (cont’d) Ventral cavity contains: –Thoracic cavity –Diaphragm Separates thoracic and abdominal cavity –Abdominopelvic cavity: Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Peritoneum

12. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Side View of Body Cavities

13. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Abdominal Regions Imaginarily divided into 9 regions Midline sections: –Epigastric = above stomach –Umbilical = umbilicus or navel –Hypogastric = below the stomach

14. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Abdominal Regions (cont’d) Lateral sections: –Right and left hypochondriac Positioned near ribs, specifically cartilages –Right and left lumbar Positioned near small of back (lumbar region) –Right and left iliac Named for upper bone of hip (ilium) Also called inguinal region (referring to groin)

15. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Nine Regions of Abdomen

16. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Roots of Regions of Head and Trunk RootMeaningExampleDefinition of example cephal/oheadmegacephalyabnormal largeness of the head cervic/oneckcervicofacialpertaining to the neck and face thorac/ochest, thoraxthoracotomyincision (-tomy) into the chest abdomin/oabdomenintra-abdominalwithin the abdomen celi/oabdomenceliocentesissurgical puncture (centesis) of the abdomen lapar/oabdominal walllaparoscopeinstrument (-scope) for viewing the peritoneal cavity through the abdominal wall lumb/olumbar region, lower back thoracolumbarpertaining to the chest and lumbar region periton, peritone/o peritoneumperitonealpertaining to the peritoneum

17. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Roots for Extremities RootMeaningExampleDefinition of Example acroextremity, endacrocyanosisbluish discoloration of the extremities brachi/oarmantebrachiumforearm dactyl/ofinger, toepolydactylyhaving more than the normal number of fingers or toes ped/ofootpedometerinstrument that measures footsteps pod/ofootpodiatricpertaining to study and treatment of the foot

18. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Prefixes for Position and Direction PrefixMeaningExampleDefinition of Example circum-aroundcircumoralaround the mouth peri-aroundperiorbitalaround the orbit (eye socket) intra-in, withinintravascularwithin a vessel (vascul/o) epi-on, overepithelialreferring to epithelium, tissue that covers surfaces extra-outsideextrathoracicoutside the thorax infra-*belowInfrascapularBelow the scapula (shoulder blade) * Also indicates degree.

19. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Prefixes for Position and Direction (cont’d) PrefixMeaningExampleDefinition of Example sub-*below, undersublingualunder the tongue (lingu/o) inter-betweenintercostalbetween the ribs (cost/o) juxta-near, besidejuxtapositiona location near or beside another structure para-near, besideparasagittalnear or beside a sagittal plane retro-behind, backward retrouterinebehind the uterus supra-abovesuprapatellarabove the patella (kneecap) * Also indicates degree.

20. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 1.In humans, ventral is another term for: (a) lateral (b) central (c) posterior (d) anterior

21. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 1.In humans, ventral is another term for: (a) lateral (b) central (c) posterior (d) anterior

22. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 2.A plane that divides the body into left and right parts is a : (a) coronal plane (b) sagittal plane (c) transverse plane (d) frontal plane

23. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 2.A plane that divides the body into left and right parts is a : (a) coronal plane (b) sagittal plane (c) transverse plane (d) frontal plane

24. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 3.The scientific name for the chest cavity is : (a) cervical cavity (b) thoracic cavity (c) dorsal cavity (d) pelvic cavity

25. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 3.The scientific name for the chest cavity is : (a) cervical cavity (b) thoracic cavity (c) dorsal cavity (d) pelvic cavity

26. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 4.The brain and spinal cord are in what cavity? (a) dorsal cavity (b) abdominal cavity (c) thoracic cavity (d) ventral cavity

27. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 4.The brain and spinal cord are in what cavity? (a) dorsal cavity (b) abdominal cavity (c) thoracic cavity (d) ventral cavity

28. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 5.The root cephal/o refers to the: (a) spine (b) head (c) chest (d) lungs

29. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 5.The root cephal/o refers to the: (a) spine (b) head (c) chest (d) lungs

30. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 6.The root brachi/o refers to the: (a) head (b) spinal cord (c) leg (d) arm

31. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 6.The root brachi/o refers to the: (a) head (b) spinal cord (c) leg (d) arm

32. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 7.The prefix peri- means: (a) under (b) around (c) above (d) within

33. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 7.The prefix peri- means: (a) under (b) around (c) above (d) within

34. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 8.The prefix juxta- means: (a) near (b) below (c) away from (d) medial

35. Copyright © 2011 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pretest 8.The prefix juxta- means: (a) near (b) below (c) away from (d) medial