1. (with help from Susan Pojer)
World War I
AP US
Hamer
(with help from Susan Pojer)

2. MAIN Causes of World War I

3. Militarism
The development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy.
Caused by the increase in imperialism and nationalism.
By 1890, Germany had the strongest army in Europe and England had the strongest navy.

4. Militarism & Arms Race Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers
[Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] in millions of £s.
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1914 94
130
154
268
289
398
Increase in Defense Expenditures
France
10%
Britain
13%
Russia
39%
Germany
73%

5. Alliances By 1907, there were two major defense systems in Europe:
The Triple Entente (the Allied Powers)
France, Britain, and Russia
The Triple Alliance (the Central Powers)
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
(Italy left this group in 1915 and the Ottoman Turks joined in late 1914)

6. Tensions & Conflicts: 1873-1914
Three Emperors’ League (1873) Ger, A-H, Rus.
Dual Alliance (1879) Ger. & A-H
Triple Alliance (1882) Ger, A-H, It.
Reinsurance Treaty (1887) restore relations between Ger. & Rus.
Franco-Russian Alliance (1894)
British-Japanese Alliance (1902)
The Entente Cordiale (1904) Br. & Fr.

7. Tensions & Conflicts: 1873-1914
First Moroccan Crisis (1905)
Russo-Japanese War (1905)
The Anglo-Russian Convention (1907) Persia
Triple Entente (1907) Br, Fr, Rus
The Bosnian Crisis of 1908
Second Moroccan Crisis (1911)
The First Balkan War (1912)
The Second Balkan War (1913)

8. Europe in 1914

9. The Balkans in 1914

10. Imperialism
Dominating another country or culture, usually for economic or military gain
Through the colony building practices of imperialism, the world was more connected as England was no longer a single country but the British Empire
Cause rivalries among countries
Caused many countries to increase the size of their navy

11. Colonial Rivalries: Africa in 1914

12. Colonial Rivalries: Asia in 1914

13. The British Empire in 1914

14. The Balkans in 1878

15. The Balkan Wars:

16. Nationalism A devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation
This concept grew in the 1800’s
Caused rivalries among countries
Caused countries like Russia to feel a link to other countries with their Slavic culture like Serbia

17. The “Spark”

18. Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

19. The Assassination: Sarajevo
June 1914

20. The Assassin:
Gavrilo Princip

21. Who’s To Blame?

22. The Dominoes Fall… Then: Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia
Russia felt that is should support its Slavic brother (Serbia)
Germany supported Austria-Hungary by declaring war on Russia and then France
Germany invaded Belgium and Great Britain declared war on Germany

23. War in Europe Soldiers mobilized quickly from all sides
Germany used the Schlieffen plan to move through Belgium to attack France
The plan was to finish France in 6 weeks and then focus on Russia
This didn’t work and Germany ended up involved in a 2 front war

24. Multi Front War The Western Front: The Eastern Front: Other Fronts:
Trenches
Germany vs. England and France
More horrible than previous wars by a lot
The Eastern Front:
More mobile
Germany and Austria Hungary vs. Russia
Russia has a revolution and drops out in 1917
Other Fronts:
Italy vs. A-H; Middle East; Africa; Colonial Holdings in Asia (Japan was an Allied Power)

25. A Multi-Front War

26. America Joins the Allies

27. The Sinking of the Lusitania
Germany declared unrestricted submarine warfare in the Spring of 1917
America was already upset by the deaths of Americans on Allied ships

28. Election of 1916 Democrats – Wilson again “He kept us out of war”
Republicans – Charles Evan Hughes
Progressives – TR refused to run and split Republicans again

29. 1916 Election Results Democrat Woodrow Wilson 277 elec 49.2%pop
Republican Charles E. Hughes 254 elec 46.1% pop

30. The Zimmerman Telegram
Germany wanted Mexico to join the war and fight America – promised Mexico supplies
England intercepted the telegram and told America

31. The Yanks Are Coming!

32. Americans in the Trenches

33. America Mobilizes for War

34. 1. Enlistment

35. The Most Famous Recruitment Poster

36. Enlist Now

37. For Big and Little Soldiers

38. The Singingest War Ever!

39. Results of Enlistment: 1917 – Selective Service Act
24,000,000 men registered for the draft by the end of 1918.
4,800,000 men served in WW1 (2,000,000 saw active combat).
400,000 African-Americans served in segregated units.
15,000 Native-Americans served as scouts, messengers, and snipers in non-segregated units.
11,000 women enlisted in the navy and 269 in the marines – non-combat positions

40. Expansion of the Federal Government

41. Council of National Defense
War Industries Board – Bernard Baruch
Food Administration – Herbert Hoover
Railroad Administration – William McAdoo
National War Labor Board – W. H. Taft & Frank P. Walsh

42. U.S. Food Administration
Check out the amazing WWI food propaganda posters on my front wall!

43. U.S. Food Administration

44. National War Garden Commission
U.S. School Garden Army
National War Garden Commission

45. U.S. Shipping Board

46. U. S. Fuel Administration

47. Results of This New Organization of the Economy?
Unemployment virtually disappeared.
Expansion of “big government.”
Excessive government regulations in economy
Some gross mismanagement -> overlapping jurisdictions.
Close cooperation between public and private sectors.
Unprecedented opportunities for disadvantaged groups.

48. Women during WWI

49. YWCA – The Blue Triangle
The Girls They Left Behind Do Their Bit!

50. Munitions Work
Although many more women went to work in munitions factories during WWII than WWI, they did make a significant contribution during the first World War.

51. Women Used In Recruitment
Hello, Big Boy!

52. Even Grandma Buys Liberty Bonds
National League for Woman’s Service

53. The Red Cross - Greatest Mother in the World

54. Women’s Suffrage
Wilson finally agrees to push for a suffrage amendment as “a vitally necessary war measure” after suffragettes protested in front of the White House (watch Iron Jawed Angels!)

55. African Americans during WWI

56. Opportunities for African-Americans in WW1
“Great Migration.” – 1919: 70,000 African- Americans move North
War industries work.
Enlistment in segregated units.

57. The Great Migration

58. True Sons of Freedom

59. African-Americans on a Troop Ship Headed for France

60. “Rescuing a Negro During the Race Riots in Chicago”, 1919

61. Immigrants during WWI

62. The “Flag of Liberty” Represents All of Us!

63. Wartime Propaganda

64. The Committee of Public Information (George Creel)
America’s “Propaganda Minister”
Anti-Germanism.
Selling American Culture.

65. “Remember Belgium” and the “Mad Brute”

66. Beat Back the “Hun”

67. The Western Front: A “War of Attrition”

68. The Western Front

69. Trench Warfare

70. Trench Warfare
“No Man’s Land”

71. Verdun – February, 1916 German offensive.
Each side had 500,000 casualties.

72. The Somme – July, 1916 60,000 British soldiers killed in one day.
Over 1,000,000 killed in 5 months.

73. War IsHELL !!

74. Sacrifices in War

75. Krupp’s “Big Bertha” Gun

76. The War of the Industrial Revolution: New Technology

77. New Weapons of WWI - Tank
The tank was invented to roll across no man’s land and over enemy trenches.
The British Mark I was the first successful tank used on the battlefield.
The Americans also developed a smaller, two man tank, the FT- 17

78. French Renault Tank

79. New Weapons of WWI - U-Boat
The U-Boat (or unterseeboot in German) was the German submarine used in WWI.
They were very effective at blockading England for a time and destroyed both English (and American) Navy and merchant vessels.

80. U-Boats

81. Allied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
September 1916-April 1917
May 1917-June 1918

82. New Weapons of WWI - Fighter Planes and Zeppelins
The new technology of the airplane saw its first use in battle during WWI.
Originally used as reconnaissance, then fighters, by the end of the war they were also used as bombers.
The Zeppelin blimps were also used as spy ships and bombers during the war.

83. New Weapons of WWI - Fighter Planes
The Red Baron’s Fokker Tri Plane

84. The Flying Aces of World War I
Eddie Rickenbacher, US
Francesco Barraco, It.
Eddie “Mick” Mannoch, Br.
Manfred von Richtoffen, Ger. [The “RedBaron”]
Rene Pauk Fonck, Fr.
Willy Coppens de Holthust, Belg.

85. Curtis-Martin U. S. Aircraft Plant

86. Looking for the “Red Baron?”

87. The Zeppelin

88. Flame Throwers
Grenade Launchers

89. Poison Gas and Machine Guns

90. New Weapons of WWI - Poison Gas
Chlorine gas was first used by the Germans at the Second Battle of Ypres in April of
Phosgene gas which was more deadly was also used after this.
Mustard gas which caused blindness and often death from pneumonia was invented and used in the last years of the war.

91. New Weapons of WWI - Poison Gas
British tear gas casualties
British troops in gas masks at Ypres 1917
German soldier and horse in gas masks

92. Poison Gas Casualties of WWI
Nation
Gas casualties (estimated)
Fatal
Non-fatal
Russia
50,000
400,000
Germany
10,000
190,000
France
8,000
182,000
Britain
181,000
Austria-Hungary
3,000
97,000
USA
1,500
71,500
Italy
4,500
55,000
Total
85,000 (3% of combat deaths)
1,176,500

93. WWI Ends

94. Germany’s Spring Offensive
Germany plans an offensive for the Spring of 1918 in the hopes that they can beat the Allies before too many Americans arrive
Failure because:
Put all of their forces into this
All of the best troops were put in special units on the front line (stormtroopers)
No plan for victory

95. The Central Powers Fall
On November 3, 1918, Austria-Hungary surrendered.
On November 9, 1918, socialist leaders took over the German capital and established a German republic; the Kaiser gave up the throne.
Finally, Germany agreed to sign an armistice (truce).
On the eleventh hour of the eleventh day in the eleventh month of 1918, World War I was over.

96. The War to End All Wars?
World War I was the bloodiest war in history to that time.
22 million were dead – more than half of them civilians.
20 million people were wounded
10 million became refugees.
The U.S.A. lost 48,000 men in battle with another 62,000 dying of disease. More than 200,000 Americans were wounded.

97. Major Players of WWI Primary Allied Powers Great Britain France Italy
Russia (until 1917)
United States (after 1917)
Primary Central Powers
Germany
Austria Hungary
Ottoman Turks
Bulgaria

98. The Aftermath of WWI
After Germany signed an armistice in 1918, negotiations began:
The peace treaty was dictated by the leaders of the four remaining Allied Powers: Great Britain, France, Italy, and America.
Russia was not allowed to enter into the treaty because they had dropped out of the war (and because they were communist).
This was one of the first major occasions where only the victors sat at the negotiation table.

99. Wilson’s 14 Points
President Wilson of the United States came up with a set of ideas known as the 14 points.
No secret treaties between nations
Freedom of the seas for all
Lower or abolish tariffs between nations for free trade
Reduce arms stockpiles
Colonial policies should take the interest of the colonial people into consideration as well as the imperialist powers

100. Wilson’s 14 Points cont.
Points 6-13 dealt with establishing boundaries in Europe along ethnic identities when larger nations were broken up.
14. Establish a League of Nations to provide a forum for nations to discuss and settle their grievances before turning to war

101. Problem!
All the European leaders rejected Wilson’s 14 points. They wanted to make Germany pay and Wilson was left fighting for only the League of Nations.

102. Treaty of Versailles • Germany could not maintain an army.
• The final treaty established new nations out of the boundaries of old nations, especially Austria- Hungary.
• Germany could not maintain an army.
• Germany also had to return/give land to France.
• Germany had to pay $33 billion to the Allies in war reparations
Germany had to follow the war-guilt clause in which Germany had to take full responsibility for the war.
• Germany was stripped of colonial possessions.
• A League of Nations was formed.

103. New Nations &Territories After WW I

104. Results of the Treaty of Versailles
The U.S. never joined the League of Nations and the League could not deliver the peace that Wilson hoped for. The demands placed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles were too great.
They were humiliated and forced to pay more money than they could possibly come up with.
The economic and moral disasters in Germany caused by the Treaty of Versailles would set the country up for a dictator who would lead them into WWII.

105. Problems for Wilson
Imperialist leaders in Europe weren’t as idealist as Wilson
European leaders were worried about threats from Communism
Isolationist senators at home said they wouldn’t pass the League of Nations – this gave the Europeans more power at Versailles

106. Problems for Wilson Allied countries wanted territory
France wanted the Rhineland and the Saar Basin
Italy wanted regions previously taken by A-H
Japan wanted part of China and Pacific islands
Isolationists in America still refused to sign the treaty

107. The Beginning of the End for Wilson
Wilson collapsed in Colorado during his tour to take the League to the people (9/25/1919)
He then had a stroke
Lodge smelled blood and tried to strip the treaty, but Wilson was still able to get loyal Democrats to vote against it
Because of this in-fighting, the treaty never passed and died
America NEVER joins the League of Nations

108. Election of 1920
Republicans nominated Ohioan, Senator Warren G. Harding with Calvin Coolidge as his VP
Democrats nominated Ohioan, Governor James M. Cox with FDR as his running mate!
Harding wins (with a landslide) in an attempt to “return to normalcy”…
“I like Ike” after WWII is the same thing

109. The 1920 Election

110. Attacks on Civil Liberties at Home

111. Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of Americans
Espionage Act– 1917
forbade actions that obstructed recruitment or efforts to promote insubordination in the military.
ordered the Postmaster General to remove Leftist materials from the mail.
fines of up to $10,000 and/or up to 20 years in prison.

112. Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of Americans
2.Sedition Act – 1918
You couldn’t speak out against your country
It was a crime to speak against purchase of war bonds or willfully utter, print, write or publish any disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language about this form of US Govt., the US Constitution, or the US armed forces or to willfully urge, incite, or advocate any curtailment of productionof things necessary or essential to the prosecution of the war…with intent of such curtailment to cripple or hinder, the US in the prosecution of the war.

113. Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of Americans
3.Schenck v. US– in ordinary times the mailing of the leaflets would have been protected by the st Amendment BUT, every act of speech must be judged according to the circumstances in which it was spoken The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater and causing a panic.[Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes] If an act of speech posed a clear and present danger, then Congress had the power to restrain such speech.

114. Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of Americans
4.Abrams v. US– majority ruling --> said that the leafletters were inciting violence - cited Holmes’ “Clear and present danger” doctrine Holmes & Brandeis dissented: The best test of truth is the power of the thought to get itself accepted in the competition of the market, denying that a “silly leaflet” published by an “unknown man” constituted such a danger.

115. Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of Americans
5. Post-war labor unrest:
Labor Unions promised not to strike during the war, so they all began to strike after the war. Too much at once
Coal Miners Strike of 1919.
Steel Strike of 1919.
Boston Police Strike of 1919.

116. “If Capital & Labor Don’t Pull Together” – Chicago Tribune
Anti-Labor
“If Capital & Labor Don’t Pull Together” – Chicago Tribune

117. Consequences of Labor Unrest
“While We Rock the Boat” – Washington Times

118. “Keeping Warm” – Los Angeles Times
Coal Miners’ Strike
“Keeping Warm” – Los Angeles Times

119. “Coming Out of the Smoke” – New York World
Steel Strike
“Coming Out of the Smoke” – New York World

120. “What a Year Has Brought Forth” – NY World
The “Red Scare”
The Red scare was the first widespread Anti-Communist movement in America
Targeted towards labor unions
Calling unions “communist” was a great way to take away their power
“What a Year Has Brought Forth” – NY World

121. “Red Scare” -- Anti-Bolshevism
“Put Them Out & Keep Them Out” – Philadelphia Inquirer

122. “He gives aid & comfort to the enemies of society” – Chicago Tribune
Boston Police Strike
“He gives aid & comfort to the enemies of society” – Chicago Tribune

123. “Striking Back” – New York Evening World
Boston Police Strike
“Striking Back” – New York Evening World

124. Government Excess & Threats to the Civil Liberties of Americans
6. “The Red Scare”:
Claimed to be against the rd. International goal --> promote worldwide communism.
Attorney General, A. Mitchell Palmer (The Case Against the Reds)
Palmer Raids

125. “Red Scare” – Palmer Raids
Bombs were sent to the houses of a number of government officials including Attorney General Palmer
Palmer claimed it was the communists
A. Mitchell Palmer’s Home Bombed, 1920

126. “Red Scare” – Palmer Raids
Palmer Raids were a series of raids on the houses and offices of suspected “radicals” to search for evidence that they were involved in the bombing
No evidence, plenty of arrests
Police Arrest “Suspected Reds’ in Chicago, 1920