1. Save fuel Save the Earth
FIR Fuel Activator ®
An Invisible Story
IR-Excitation for Improved HC Fuel Combustion Efficiency of Engines (a review)
Dr. Albert C. Wey
Aldi Far-IR Products, Inc. (U.S.A.)
Save fuel Save the Earth

2. Introduction How infrared works to improve fuel combustion
Underlying science testified by academic
Fuel saving effect verified by accredited testing facilities
The IR application in SCR of NOx
Summary

3. IR-Fuel Technology Review
In Organic Chemistry
HC molecules are IR-active and absorb 3 – 20 μm IR photons causing vibrations.
In Photoselective Chemistry
Lab dynamics studies have demonstrated increasing reactant vibrational energy is most effective at promoting reaction.
Known IR-Technology
IR-Emitters have been widely used for agricultural applications in Japan.

4. EM-Wave Caused Excitations
Frequency (Hz) M I C R O W A V E
Wavelength (nm) V I S B L E Γ-
RAY
X–RAY
RADIO WAVE UV
INFRARED
Molecular
Rotation
Electron
Self
Spin
Nuclear
Magnetic
Resonance
Inner
Electron
Transition
Outer
Electron
Transition
Molecular
Vibration
Affect
Molecular Structure
Change in
Electron Distribution
Change in
Direction
Change in
Self-spin

5. IR Classification Infrared: 0.83 – 1,000 μm NASA Classification
Visible lights: 0.3 – 0.7 μm
Infrared: 0.83 – 1,000 μm
Near IR: – 2.0 μm
Mid IR: 2 – 4 μm
Far IR: 4 – 1,000 μm
(Ref.: “Quanta”, P.W. Atkins, Oxford University Press, New York, 1991)
NASA Classification
Near IR: – 3.0 μm
Mid IR: 3 – 25 μm
Far IR: 25 – 1,000 μm
Desired wavelength band: 3 – 20 μm

6. A Quantum Mechanic view
absorbing IR photon causes molecular vibration.
Using methane as an example,
it absorbs IR at 7.66 μm to jump to v4 orbit, causing bending vibration,
and absorbs 3.32 μm IR to jump to
v3 orbit, causing stretching vibration.
Asymmetric stretching
v3 = 3012 cm-1
(3.32 μm)
Bending
v4 = 1305 cm-1
(7.66 μm)
Molecular energy levels
Energy level diagram

7. Molecular Vibrations ω = (1/2 πc) [ k /m ] ½
IR radiation can cause excitation of quantized molecular vibration states.
Vibration frequency can be determined by Hooke’s Law:
ω = (1/2 πc) [ k /m ] ½
ω = vibration frequencies
c = speed of light (3 x 1010 cm/s)
k = force constant
m = mass
Single Harmonic Oscillation

8. Vibrations of Benzene C6H6
Single Harmonic Oscillator
(There are 30 possible modes)
 = 6.27 m
 = 10.1 m
 = 16.5 m

9. Benzene: 30 Vibrational Modes
The pathways for collision-induced intermolecular vibrational energy transfer from the 61 level of 1B2u benzene

10. For your information molecules vibrate in 6 ways: Scissoring Rocking
Symmetrical
Stretching
Anti-symmetrical
Stretching
Scissoring
Rocking
Wagging
Twisting

11. IR-Absorption Profile
The following spectral info is called “Infrared Finger Prints”
First, look at “Functional Group Region”.
It contains C-H bonds and O-H bond; it must be one of “alcohols”
Now, look at “Signature Region”.
The -CH3 bond and -CH2 bond suggest it contains “ethane”
So, it must be
Signature Zone
Functional Groups
alcohol
+ ethane =
O–H
stretching
ethanol
C–H
stretching
–CH3
bending
C–H
bending
C2H5OH
–CH2
bending
H–Csp3
stretching
C–C
stretching 3
Wavelength, μm 6 10 20

12. The consequence of Vibrations
in Quantum Mechanics
W = k e – E / RT
Reaction Rate:
K: constant
T: Temperature
Activation Barrier
With IR-excitation, Ei Er
HC molecule absorbs photons to increase vibrational states;
IR-Excited
HC molecule
It reduces the activation energy Er required for overcoming Activation Barrier
Regular
HC Molecule
so that the reaction rate W is increased. Therefore,
IR-excitation can increase chemical reaction rate
Reaction Profile

13. Dual-band IR-Emitter approach
Conventional Japanese 8 – 20 μm IR Emitter contains 2 MgO . 2 Al2O3 . 5 SiO2
We use a “dual-band”
approach to cover the entire 3 – 20 μm range.
but, we add zirconia to make a new 8 – 20 μm far-IR Emitter
We also add CoO to make a
3 – 14 μm mid-IR Emitter
8 – 20 μm
far-IR Emitter
3 – 14 μm
mid-IR Emitter

14. Key elements of IR-emitters
The oxides of transition metals have such a unique property:
Its constituent electrons can be thermally agitated to a neighboring higher energy level;
When the excited electron returns to its initial level, it emits an IR photon in μm wavelength, depending on the elements used.
As such, the IR-emitter absorbs radiation heat and converts the heat into IR photons.
No additional energy source is required and it lasts forever.
Transition Metals

15. The Innovative Concept
In engine applications,
IR-Emitter serves as an energy conversion system.
It starts with placing IR-Emitters on a supply fuel line.
Step 1:
IR-Emitter absorbs engine heat.
IR-Emitter
Heat Energy
Recycling
IR-excited fuel combusts Efficiently
In cylinders
Step 2:
IR-Emitter emits 3 – 20 μm IR.
Step 3:
IR excites HC
molecules in fuel.

16. The basic Science has been verified by
Purdue University

17. Proving the Science Methane-Air Counter-Flow Flame Experiment Air
Zucrow Lab, Purdue University
Air
Laminar
Flame
Flow = 10 cm/s
Methane
Flame
Methane

18. Summary of Observations
Experimental results
IR-Excitation makes fuel combust faster and
more completely
CH4
Baseline
CH4
IR-Excited
that results in
8% Less Fuel Consumption
25% Less CO emissions
15% Less NO emissions
CO2
IR-Excited CO
IR-Excited NO
Baseline
Thanks to Purdue’s experimental verification
science is served! NO
IR-Excited
Fuel Duct …....… X, mm …….... Air Duct

19. More Complete Combustion
University of Michigan-Dearborn
using CO as an indicator of combustion completeness
on Chrysler 2.5 L, 4-cyl. gas engine
at 1,800 RPM and 20 ft-lb load
CO counts (ppm) real time scan plot
Baseline
Prof. Keshav Varde
IR-excited
Nicolet FT-IR Exhaust
Emissions Analyzer
Result: FIR reduced CO 30 % (i.e. burn more completely)

20. More Engine and Beta-Site Tests

21. Results: FIR reduced 6.2 % specific fuel consumption
GM Quad-4 Gas Engine
Tested at Engine Lab, Purdue University
on a GM Quad-4, 4 cyl L gasoline engine
Measured Specific Fuel Consumption (unit: lb/hp-hr)
RPM
1800
2200
3000
Baseline
w/ FIR
Change % % %
Baseline
IR-Excited
Results: FIR reduced 6.2 % specific fuel consumption

22. NO & CO Emissions PowerTek tested at Engine Lab, Purdue University
on a single-cylinder enigne with propane fuel
PowerTek
Single Cylinder Dynomometer
CO Measurement (ppm)
13 in3
7.5 HP
Speed, RPM
1500
2000
2500
Baseline
with FIR
Change % % %
average reduced 14.5%
NO Measurement (ppm)
Speed, RPM
1500
2000
2500
Baseline
with FIR
Change % % %
average reduced 10.2%
Result: FIR simultaneously reduced CO and NO emissions

23. Result: FIR increased fuel economy and reduced all emissions
U.S. EPA Standard Test
tested at AutoResearch Lab (Harvey, IL), an EPA-recognized Lab
on a V8, 4.6L Mercury Grand Marquis
at 16,300 odometer mileage
FTP– Federal Test Procedure (City Driving)
Test Item HC CO
NOx
CO2
MPG
Baseline
With FIR
Change % % % % %
HFET– Highway Fuel Economy Test
Test Item HC CO
NOx
CO2
MPG
Baseline
With FIR
Save Fuel
Reduce CO2
Change % % % % %
Result: FIR increased fuel economy and reduced all emissions

24. Heat Release in Cylinders
IR-excitation improves engine performance on the basis of that it changes heat allocation in engine cylinders.
Heat Release
KJ / c.a. deg.
With IR-excited diesel,
more heat is released within 15o TDC to do mechanical work
IR-excited diesel
and less heat released in later cycle as heat loss for heating exhaust gas (EG)
regular diesel
Crank Angle, deg.
Result: increased power and reduced specific fuel consumption

25. Torque/Power Dyno Test
at Carburatori Bergamo, ITALY on 7/20/2007
2004 Alfa Romeo 147 JTD
1900cc Multi-jet turbo-diesel
4 cyl., 110 rpm
Odometer: 110,000 km
Measured Power at 6th Gear
(ratio 0.614:1)
with FIR
Baseline
Result: FIR increased torque & power significantly

26. Diesel Emissions: NOx & Smoke
tested at Shanghai Vehicle Performance Testing Center
Iveco Motor Co. (Nanjing, China)
4.2 Ton Light-Duty Pickup
4 cyl. 2.8 L Diesel Engine (max. 78 KW)
with a 60 Nm load
(a) NOx Emissions, ppm
Speed, km/h 30 40 50 60
Avg.
Baseline
With FIR
Change % % % %
- 6.6%
(b) Smoke Emissions, % Opacity
Speed, km/h 30 40 50 60
Avg.
Baseline
With FIR
Change % % % %
- 23.7%
Result: FIR simultaneously reduced smoke and NOx.

27. Result: FIR improved fuel economy 12 %
School Bus Road Tests
Greenwood Community Schools (Indiana)
2004 International School Bus CE
VT365 diesel engine
V8, 6.0 L with EVRT
The re-fueling records indicated
FIR installed
on 10/14/05
FIR removed
on 5/8/06
6.23
5.67 mpg
5.40
Baseline
Result: FIR improved fuel economy 12 %

28. Diesel Trucks Fleet Test
Heritage Transport, LLC. (Indianapolis, Indiana)
Cummins ISX L, 475 HP
HD diesel engine
4 sets FIR
installed
2005 Kenworth T600A Tractor
Truck #2066 serves as Controller, no FIR installed
Test Tractor #:
2066*
2086
2246
2320
2325
2398
Average
or Total
5/12/07 Baseline MPG
6/13 – 11/9 w/FIR MPG
Drive Distance, miles
Fuel Used, gallons
MPG Change % % % % % % %
7.8 %
Fuel Saved, gallons no FIR
2363
Result: FIR saved 7.8% fuel, or 105 gallons per tractor per month

29. Municipal Buses in Albania
Municipal Bus Service of the City of Valona (2/5/2008)
4 IR-Emitters installed
FIAT Bus with an
Iveco 12 L diesel engine
Fuel consumption dropped from 48.0 L/100km to 45.2 L/100km
Result: FIR helped save 6.2 % fuel

30. Power Generator on Train
15 far-IR Emittes installed on
Caterpillar 3512 DI-TA
12 cyl, 51.8 L Diesel Engine
1,450 KW Power Generator
Sistemi Territoriali S.p.A., Italy
Result: FIR helped save 6 % fuel, or 5,000 Euros per month

31. Cargo Ship in Shanghai, China
Transporting between Shanghai and Tianjin (1/5/2008)
15 sets IR-Emitters installed
Cargo Ship with an
Dong-Fong
10 L diesel engine
The generator consumes fuel at a rate of ¼ ton a day
Result: FIR helped save about 5 % fuel

32. Many users have it !

33. Emission Regulation
For Heavy-Duty Diesel Engines

34. Urea-SCR NOx System
System Diagram
Installation on Truck

35. Urea-SCR Strategy 6 NO + 4 NH3 → 5 N2 + 6 H2O
To set free NH3 from urea by:
CO(NH2)2 → HNCO + NH3 ……. (thermolysis)
HNCO → NH3 + CO2 ………………. (hydrolysis)
The NH3 radical then reacts with NO and NO2
6 NO + 4 NH3 → 5 N2 + 6 H2O
6 NO2 + 8 NH3 → 7 N H2O
IR Excitation Examples:
–HNCO– vibrates at 3.23 – 3.26, 6.45 – 6.62 μm
–NH2 at (symmetric), (asymmetric), μm (bending)
biuret (NH2CONHCONH2) vibrates at 4.72 – 4.93, 6.80 – 6.92 μm

36. NOx (HC-SCR) System 2 C3H6 + 18 NO → 9 N2 + 6 H2O + 6 CO 2
For example, the propylene C3H6 reacts with NO
2 C3H NO → 9 N2 + 6 H2O + 6 CO 2

37. Conclusion: a proven technology
Using IR photons shorter than 20 μm to excite hydrocarbons for improved combustion efficiency is scientifically predictable.
We have developed IR-Emitters that absorb radiation heat and emit 3 – 20 μm wavelength IR photons.
The underlying science of IR-excitation effect on fuel is verified by methane-air counter-flow flame experiments
IR-Excited fuels burn faster, resulting in reduced fuel consumption rate and less CO & NO emissions.
Engine/vehicle test results have demonstrated the IR-Effect on increasing engine efficiency, with
Increased torque/power
Improved fuel economy (up to 20% )
Reduced emissions (up to 46% )

38. IR Technology Features
Ever imagine such a simple device can do so much for you and our environment?!
Save fuel (8 – 10%) and reduce same % Greenhouse Gas CO2
Reduce all tailpipe emissions (up to 40%)
Increase power/torque (smoother engine)
Easy installation in minutes
Inexpensive one time investment and maintenance free
Lower vehicle maintenance costs, due to less carbon deposits on engine parts and oil
Too good to be true?

39. Test it for yourself
Your own test counts

40. Test Results smoke test printouts
The smoke drops from 1.1 down to 0.5 after installing FIR Fuel Activator.

41. Thank You Dario Franzoni Balos Technology (Italy)
An Invisible Story
Together we can ease Global Warming
Please give infrared a chance to prove itself
Contact Information:
Dr. Albert Wey (the Inventor)
Aldi Far-IR Products, Inc. (USA)
Dario Franzoni Balos Technology (Italy)
Phone : (+39)