1. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 1 Single Pilot IFR

2. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 2 Single Pilot IFR

3. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 3 Single Pilot IFR In this presentation we will discuss: Cockpit Resource Management (CRM) Cockpit Resource Management (CRM) IFR Qualification IFR Qualification Pre-Flight Planning Pre-Flight Planning In-Flight Task Management In-Flight Task Management

4. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 4 Definitions of CRM There are actually two definitions for the acronym. They are Crew Resource Management, and Crew Resource Management, and Cockpit Resource Management. Cockpit Resource Management. They are used interchangeably but have slightly different connotations. Regardless, both can be used effectively by a single pilot.

5. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 5 Definitions of CRM Cockpit Resource Management can be all inclusive and encompass Crew Resource Management or it can be taken to simply cover effectively using the equipment and tools in the cockpit.

6. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 6 Definitions of CRM Crew Resource Management addresses effectively using the entire crew but can also be taken to include the aircraft systems in the cockpit. There are principles of crew management that can be adapted to the single pilot environment.

7. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 7 CRM History The idea of CRM started with a NASA workshop on Resource Management on the Flightdeck in 1979. The concern was to improve flight safety in the air transport industry by making more effective use of the crew and equipment in the cockpit – to overcome something called co-pilot syndrome

8. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 8 CRM History The original NASA focus or first generation CRM was Cockpit Resource Management but this morphed into Crew Resource Management in the 1980s and the second generation of CRM. Third generation CRM in the 1990s attempted to expand the concept to cabin crews, dispatchers and maintenance groups.

9. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 9 CRM History On the flight deck the idea was to make sure the challenge and response of the checklist meant something more than giving the correct answer. Additionally, they were looking for a way the co-pilot could validate flight management decisions without eroding the captain’s authority.

10. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 10 CRM History The Air Force became interested in Cockpit Resource Management for single seat aircraft in the early 1990s when they realized pilots were becoming so pre- occupied with tasks in the cockpit at low altitude that they were inadvertently flying into the ground. They called it CFIT – “Controlled Flight Into Terrain”

11. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 11 CRM Theory Crew Resource Management in the multi-place environment looks to the crew to work as a team to back each other up and have delineated duties to share the cockpit work load. One pilot flys the plane and responds to the checklist while the other reads the checklist, handles the nav/com and keeps up with navigation and other cockpit duties

12. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 12 CRM Theory Crew Resource Management in the single pilot environment attempts to create a second voice in the cockpit through procedural check lists and decision making activities: Delay/abort for weather or maintenance Delay/abort for weather or maintenance Land short of the intended destination for mechanical problems or malfunctions Land short of the intended destination for mechanical problems or malfunctions Divert from the intended destination for Wx or fuel Divert from the intended destination for Wx or fuel

13. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 13 CRM Theory Cockpit Resource Management in the single seat and multi-place cockpit looks to good pre-flight planning to reduce in flight work load and effective multi-task management during flight to focus attention on the priority task making maximum use of aircraft systems to assist the pilot(s) as they conduct the flight.

14. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 14 CRM Theory Key Elements & Cognitive Skills Civilian Planning & Decision Making Planning & Decision Making Situational Awareness Situational Awareness Communications Communications Teamwork Teamwork Stress Stress Crew Coordination Crew CoordinationMilitary Mission Planning Mission Planning Situation Awareness Situation Awareness Decision Making Decision Making Task Management Task Management Communications Communications Flight Integrity/Crew Coordination Flight Integrity/Crew Coordination

15. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 15 CRM Theory Planning: Pre-flight analysis, planning, in- progress flight evaluation, and post flight critique Planning: Pre-flight analysis, planning, in- progress flight evaluation, and post flight critique Situational Awareness (SA): How to maintain SA, recognizing loss of SA, and regaining SA Situational Awareness (SA): How to maintain SA, recognizing loss of SA, and regaining SA Decision Making: Risk assessment, break downs in judgment and flight discipline, problem solving and control measures Decision Making: Risk assessment, break downs in judgment and flight discipline, problem solving and control measures Stress: Completing the flight, passenger confidence, personal expectations, expectations of others Stress: Completing the flight, passenger confidence, personal expectations, expectations of others

16. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 16 CRM Theory Task Management: Establishing priorities, recognizing overload, complacency, use of aircraft systems, available resources, checklist discipline, following operating procedures Task Management: Establishing priorities, recognizing overload, complacency, use of aircraft systems, available resources, checklist discipline, following operating procedures Communications: Common errors, cultural influences, language, idioms, listening, saying what’s important Communications: Common errors, cultural influences, language, idioms, listening, saying what’s important Flight Integrity/Crew Coordination: Putting it all together, personal skills & limitations, behavioral styles, avenues of dissent, and team building Flight Integrity/Crew Coordination: Putting it all together, personal skills & limitations, behavioral styles, avenues of dissent, and team building

17. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 17 CRM Theory CRM helps the pilot manage cockpit work load so the tasks don’t exceed the pilot’s capacity at any given time. CRM helps the pilot manage cockpit work load so the tasks don’t exceed the pilot’s capacity at any given time. Pilot capacity is fairly constant during a flight Pilot capacity is fairly constant during a flight Work load varies as the flight progresses Work load varies as the flight progresses

18. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 18 CRM Theory This chart depicts pilot work load during various flight phases as a percent of pilot capacity, that is the number of things the pilot can effectively handle at any given moment. * NOTE: The values depicted are notional for the example and not based on any actual data

19. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 19 CRM Theory During a normal flight work load will not approach capacity, but when the unexpected happens or the flight planning was incomplete, work load can approach or exceed pilot capacity to cope.

20. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 20 CRM Theory When work load exceeds capacity the problem is obvious. The insidious problem is that as work load approaches 100%, your stress goes up and the ability to make good decisions goes down.

21. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 21 CRM and You Let’s break our efforts to improve our effectiveness in the cockpit into two areas: Pre-flight and Pre-flight and in the air in the air There are two great tools to help with pre- flight planning and flight management in the air. Both give you a check list to put a virtual co-pilot next to you as you plan and fly.

22. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 22 CRM and You In the pre-flight phase we can use the mnemonic PAVE to plan a safe flight and in the air use CARE to maintain situational awareness and make effective flight management decisions. Good pre-flight planning makes it easier to be ahead of the airplane in the air, organizes your tasks, and allows for better decision making during the flight.

23. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 23 CRM and You In pre-flight planning the PAVE checklist reminds you to consider: Pilot: Health (IMSAFE - Illness, Medication, Stress, Alcohol, Fatigue, and Emotional state) qualifications, capabilities, currency, proficiency, IFR/VFR Pilot: Health (IMSAFE - Illness, Medication, Stress, Alcohol, Fatigue, and Emotional state) qualifications, capabilities, currency, proficiency, IFR/VFR Aircraft: Equipment, performance, load, fuel capacity, runway surface and length, operating ceiling, limitations Aircraft: Equipment, performance, load, fuel capacity, runway surface and length, operating ceiling, limitations

24. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 24 CRM and You The PAVE checklist continued: EnVironment: Weather, personal minimums, terrain, over water, high altitude operations, airspace and NOTAMs EnVironment: Weather, personal minimums, terrain, over water, high altitude operations, airspace and NOTAMs External Pressures: Expectant host, planned meeting, special event, passengers External Pressures: Expectant host, planned meeting, special event, passengers

25. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 25 CRM and You Elements in the PAVE checklist are cumulative. A major problem in any area is reason to cancel the flight but multiple minor problems in more than one area can also make delaying the flight a good idea. Elements in the PAVE checklist are cumulative. A major problem in any area is reason to cancel the flight but multiple minor problems in more than one area can also make delaying the flight a good idea. A single problem in any area should be a yellow flag to take notice but two or more problem areas should be a red flag to take action and change your plan. A single problem in any area should be a yellow flag to take notice but two or more problem areas should be a red flag to take action and change your plan.

26. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 26 CRM and You Once you’re airborne use the CARE checklist to stay on top of factors affecting the flight. Consequences: Consider consequences of changing risk factors during the flight (Pilot, Aircraft, EnVironment, and External pressures) and the decisions you make regarding them. Consequences: Consider consequences of changing risk factors during the flight (Pilot, Aircraft, EnVironment, and External pressures) and the decisions you make regarding them. Alternatives: Have a back up when you can’t continue as planned, remembering that your alternatives will decrease as the flight progresses and you burn the fuel that will allow you to take a different route or divert Alternatives: Have a back up when you can’t continue as planned, remembering that your alternatives will decrease as the flight progresses and you burn the fuel that will allow you to take a different route or divert

27. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 27 CRM and You The CARE checklist continued: Reality: Maintain situational awareness and deal with the actual conditions, not what you hoped or planned would happen. Accept change and take proper action Reality: Maintain situational awareness and deal with the actual conditions, not what you hoped or planned would happen. Accept change and take proper action External pressures: Other people or personal commitments cause goal oriented behavior at the expense of making good decisions. External pressures: Other people or personal commitments cause goal oriented behavior at the expense of making good decisions.

28. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 28 CRM and You As with the PAVE checklist, items in the CARE checklist are also cumulative. While a single major problem in any area can cause a complete change of plans, minor problems in two or more items of the CARE checklist should cause you to re- evaluate the situation and take appropriate action

29. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 29 CRM and You The PAVE and CARE checklists are your virtual co-pilot, the challenging voice in the back of your head that causes you to evaluate each flight management decision you make and validate that decision against a personal standard rather than just winging it.

30. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 30 CRM and You PAVE and CARE will help you in all six areas of CRM: Planning Planning Situational Awareness Situational Awareness Decision Making Decision Making Communications Communications Teamwork Teamwork Stress Stress On the ground and in the air.

31. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 31 CRM and You PAVE and CARE will help your flight planning and flight management so you have options readily available when the unexpected happens.

32. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 32 CRM and You Planning en-route weather alternates before you take off reduces unexpected work load in the cockpit if the need to alter your route or divert to another airfield becomes necessary during the flight

33. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 33 CRM and You Looking up arrival field frequencies and field information during pre-flight planning rather than when you are approaching your destination allows you more time to clear and concentrate on navigation and controller instructions as you approach your destination.

34. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 34 CRM and You Finally, regardless of the phase of flight, when a malfunction or in-flight emergency happens and you have to devote full attention to that, thorough pre-flight planning will have good alternatives readily available for you to select without having to devote a lot of thinking and analysis to the situation.

35. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 35 CRM and You The difference between a pleasant cross country and a stressful trip can be controlled by the pilot. Good flight planning and management tools like PAVE and CARE and the principles of CRM let you control the situation better and make the flight more enjoyable

36. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 36 IFR Qualification FAA Instrument Rating FAA Instrument Rating Currency, Recency, Proficiency Currency, Recency, Proficiency Additional Qualifications Additional Qualifications –Type Rating –High Altitude Endorsement –RVSM –RNP –SAAAR

37. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 37 Pre-Flight Planning PAVE PAVE Review Routing Review Routing Good Weather Briefing Good Weather Briefing Review Departure(s) Review Departure(s) Review Arrival(s) Review Arrival(s) Take off & Landing Data (TOLD Card) Take off & Landing Data (TOLD Card) Consider Alternates Now Consider Alternates Now

38. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 38 In-Flight Management CARE CARE Clearance Delivery Clearance Delivery –Get it before you taxi –Make sure you understand –Review the effect of changes –Program in FMS

39. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 39 In-Flight Management (cont) Hold Short Hold Short CHORD CHORD –Changes –Hazards –Operations –Restrictions –Departure Review TOLD Review TOLD Cockpit Organized Cockpit Organized

40. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 40 In-Flight Management (cont) Departure Departure –Intermediate level offs –Other restrictions –Clearance limit/Expect further clearance Enroute (CARE) Enroute (CARE) –Monitor Flight’s Progress –Insure you can continue as planned –Have alternatives available –Review arrival procedures Arrival Arrival –Have the proper approach plate out & ready –Plan your descent –Be alert for altitude and speed restrictions

41. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 41 In-Flight Management (cont) Approach Approach –Listen up for variations –Fly a stabilized approach –Know your minimums –Be ready for the missed approach Landing Landing –Hit the window –Continue or go missed –Fly the airplane to the chocks

42. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 42 In-Flight Management (cont) Talk to yourself (and listen) Talk to yourself (and listen) –Checklist not “Do” list Before Take Off Before Take Off Take Off Take Off –Airspeed’s alive –V1 After Take Off After Take Off –Positive rate –Gear up –Vref –Flaps up Level Off Level Off –1000’ before

43. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 43 In-Flight Management (cont) Talk to yourself (and listen) Talk to yourself (and listen) –Descent 1000 before level off 1000 before level off –Arrival Localizer’s alive Localizer’s alive Glideslope’s alive Glideslope’s alive 500 feet to minimums 500 feet to minimums 500 feet AGL check window 500 feet AGL check window 300, 200, 100 feet to minimums 300, 200, 100 feet to minimums Runway in sight Runway in sight

44. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 44 In-Flight Management (cont) Who’s Your Friend? Who’s Your Friend? ATC is a resource ATC is a resource Normal conditions Normal conditions Weather Weather See & Avoid See & Avoid Separation Separation Extra Help Extra Help Emergencies Emergencies Dedicated Co-pilot Dedicated Co-pilot

45. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 45 FAASafety.gov Register at FAASafety.gov Register at FAASafety.gov –Document your support for the program Attend Safety Seminars Attend Safety Seminars –Green Stamps in the Bank NASA Incident Reporting NASA Incident Reporting –Immunity for unintentional violations –5 year clock –Must be able to document to be able to use

46. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 46 Flying is not inherently dangerous, but to an even greater extent than the sea, it is terribly unforgiving of any carelessness, incapacity, or neglect.

47. Single Pilot IFR Single Pilot IFR Federal Aviation Administration 47 Wild Blue Yonder Aviation Safety Consultant and Aircraft Accident Investigator rich@wild-blue-yonder.com http://www.wild-blue-yonder.com 619-253-7649 ich M artindell