1. Voice & Vocal Concepts Revision

2. Main types of voice: FEMALE Soprano – HighSoprano – High Mezzo SopranoMezzo Soprano (in between soprano & alto) Alto - LowAlto - Low MALE Counter Tenor –Counter Tenor – Very High (choir boy) Tenor – HighTenor – High BaritoneBaritone (in between Tenor & Bass) Bass - LowBass - Low

3. Voice Uses  Solo  Duet  Choir  Unison  Harmony  A Cappella  Accompanied  Descant

4.   SOLO – one voice   DUET – Two people singing together   CHOIR – A group of people singing together (SATB = Soprano, alto tenor & bass voices)   UNISON – two or more voices sounding at the same pitch or an octave (8 notes) apart   HARMONY – the sound of two or more notes made at the same time   A CAPELLA – unaccompanied singing   ACCOMPANIED – when instruments are played along with the singing   DESCANT – a melody above the main tune, mainly in vocal music e.g. (Hark the Herald)

5. Songs RecitativeRecitative AriaAria ChorusChorus RoundRound

6.  RECITATIVE – a type of vocal writing where the music follows the rhythm of SPEECH (think KFC advert!!), bare accompaniment  ARIA – a SOLO song in an opera, oratorio or cantata, lots of decoration in the melody, orchestral accompaniment  CHORUS – 1. a GROUP of singers with several people to each part (SATB) 2. the refrain between verses of a song  ROUND – each part sings the same melody entering one after the other. When they reach the end they start again, eg Frere Jacques

7. Styles MusicalMusical OperaOpera ChoraleChorale PassionPassion OratorioOratorio CantataCantata

8.   MUSICAL – singing (solo, duet, chorus), speech, costumes/scenery, band accompaniment, modern   OPERA – singing (recitative, aria, duet, chorus), NO SPEAKING, costumes/scenery, orchestral accompaniment, often in a foreign language, old(er)   CHORALE - a German hymn tune usually homophonic in texture written for SATB   PASSION – tells the story of the crucifixion from the GOSPEL, singing (recitative, aria, duet, chorus), NO SPEAKING, NO COSTUMES/SCENERY, orchestral accompaniment   ORATORIO – tells a story from the bible, singing (recitative, aria, duet, chorus), NO SPEAKING, NO COSTUMES/SCENERY, orchestral accompaniment (smaller group of players)   CANTATA – as oratorio but on a smaller scale

9. Styles  Strophic  Through Composed  Scat Singing  Homophony  Polyphony  Syllabic  Melismatic

10.   STROPHIC – a vocal/choral composition where the same music is repeated throughout (verse-chorus- verse-chorus)   THROUGH-COMPOSED – a vocal/choral composition in which there is little or no repetition of the music   SCAT SINGING – nonsense words, syllables and sounds are improvised by the singer (doobie-doobie-shop-shoo-wap)   HOMOPHONY – all parts move together at the same time   POLYPHONY – 2 or more parts moving independently   SYLLABIC – each syllable gets one note   MELISMATIC – many notes are sung to one syllable

11. Scots Songs  Waulking Song  Bothy Ballad  Scots Ballad  Gaelic Psalm  Mouth Music

12.   WAULKING SONG – a working song sung in Gaelic by women while they ‘waulked’ woollen cloth to soften and shrink it, led by a soloist with a response from the rest of the women (call & response), strophic   BOTHY BALLAD – a folk song with many verses, tells a story of rural or farming life, usually sung by men, led by a soloist with a response from the rest of the group (call & response), strophic   SCOTS BALLAD – a slow song which tells a story of love/an event/death, strophic   GAELIC PSALM – sung in church, led by a precentor with a response sung by the congregation (call & response), sounds untidy   MOUTH MUSIC – Gaelic nonsense words sung in imitation of the sound of bagpipes as an accompaniment to dancing