1. Male Reproductive System

3. Male Reproductive System
Testis – male gonads
Epididymis - structure in the male reproductive system in which sperm fully mature and are stored – Sperm is produced in the seminiferous tubules
vas deferens - tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra
Prostate gland – large gland that secretes semen directly into the urethra
Urethra - tube through which urine and semen are released from the body
Penis - external male reproductive organ that connects the urethra to the outside of the body
Spermatogenesis – the meiotic process of sperm production

5. Female Reproductive System

6. Female Reproductive System

7. Female Reproductive System
The main structures of the female reproductive system are the
Ovaries – where meiosis occurs
Fallopian tubes (oviduct) – where fertilization occurs; after ovulation the egg moves through the oviduct to the uterus
Uterus – where the blastula stage of the embryo will implant and develop during the 9 month gestation
Vagina – birth canal
Cervix – mouth of the uterus
Endometrium – lining of the uterus
In addition to producing eggs, the female reproductive system prepares the female’s body to nourish a developing embryo.

8. Female Reproductive System
Follicle - cluster of cells surrounding a single egg in the human female reproductive system
Ovulation - process in which an egg is released from the ovary

9. Female Reproductive System

10. Menstrual Cycle
Human females release a gamete (egg) about every 28 days from puberty to menopause
Follicular Phase
follicles in ovaries grow in response to FSH release from pituitary gland
Increasing amount of estrogen released
Ovulation
Secondary oocyte ruptures out of the ovaries in response to an increase of luteinizing hormone (LH) from anterior pituitary gland. (about 14 days after menstruation)
Luteal Phase
After ovulation the Corpus Luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone that thicken the endometrium
Menstruation
If implantation of the embryo does not occur the buildup of the lining is shed. This is commonly called the period

11. Menstrual Cycle Follicular Phase Ovulation Luteal Phase Menstruation
follicles in ovaries grow in response to FSH release from pituitary gland
Increasing amount of estrogen released
Ovulation
Secondary oocyte ruptures out of the ovaries in response to an increase of luteinizing hormone (LH) from anterior pituitary gland. (about 14 days after menstruation)
Luteal Phase
After ovulation the Corpus Luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone that thicken the endometrium
Menstruation
If implantation of the embryo does not occur the buildup of the lining is shed. This is commonly called the period

12. Fertilization and Development
Monoploid (n) Egg is Released
Fertilization – Usually occurs in the upper region of the fallopian tube
Zygote – a fertilized egg
Cleavage – rapid mitotic divisions which occurs after fertilization
Zygote  Morula  Blastula
Implantation – Usually occurs 6 to 7 days after fertilization.
Blastula  undergoes gastrulation  Gastrula
Gastrulation - process of cell migration by which a third layer of cells is formed within the cavity of a blastocyst

13. Zygote  Cleavage 
Blastula  Gastrulation 
Gastrula  Organogenesis 
Fetus

14. Endocrine System Regulatory System
separate, but works together with the Nervous System to: Maintain Homeostasis

15. Endocrine System and Nervous System
Secretes hormones.
Nervous
Secretes neurotransmitters
In one case:
Epinephrine (adrenaline) – works for both systems
Endocrine – Fight or Flight hormone released by adrenal gland
Nervous – neurotransmitter which relays messages from one neuron  another neuron

16. Hormones (chemicals)
Chemicals that travel through the bloodstream and affect the activities of other cells
Travel through blood  target cell, tissue, organ
Can produce either:
immediate, short-lived response
epinephrine
Dramatic, long-term development or an entire organism
Metamorphosis

17. Tropic Hormones
Hormones that stimulate other glands to release hormones. (far reaching affects)
Anterior Pituitary Gland  TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)
TSH stimulates thyroid  Thyroxin controls metabolic rate

18. Hypothalamus Bridge between the Endocrine and Nervous systems
Fight-or-Flight – sends electrical signals (impulses)  adrenal gland  epinephrine
Endocrine
Produces oxytocin and antidiuretic homone  Stores it in pituitory gland

19. Feedback Mechanisms
Self-regulating mechanism that increases or decreases an action or the level of a particular substance
Positive Feedback – labor
Contractions begin  baby head to uterine opening  more contraction  more pressure
Negative Feedback
Thyroxin levels in blood
Hypothalamus  TSH stimulates thyroid  thyoxin  hypothalamus stop making TSH

20. Hormone Action Non-steroid Hormones Steroids  lipids – cholesterol
Proteins, small peptides, modified amino acids
Not membrane soluble
Triggers secondary mess.
cAMO
Steroids  lipids – cholesterol
Can diffuse though membranes

23. Excretory System
Removal of Wastes

24. Excretory System Aids in the removal of waste materials Skin Lungs
Kidneys

25. The kidney
Maintains homeostasis by controlling pH, water levels, blood volume, and waste materials
Ureter – tube which carries urine to the urinary bladder.
Nephron – functional unit of the kidney (about 1 million in each kidney)
Glomerulus – small network of capillaries encased in the upper end of the nephron by a cup-shaped structure called Bowman’s capsul
Loop of Henle – section of the nephron tubule where water is conserved, minimizing the amount of urine.

26. Kidney

27. The Skeletal System

28. The Skeletal System
The skeleton supports the body, protects internal organs, provides for movement, stores mineral reserves, and provides a site for blood cell formation.

29. Bone Structure
Periosteum - tough layer of connective tissue surrounding a bone
Haversian canal - one of a network of tubes running through compact bone that contains blood vessels and nerves
bone marrow - soft tissue inside cavities within bones; two types are yellow marrow and red marrow

30. Bone Structure

31. Bone Formation
Cartilage - strong connective tissue that supports the body and is softer and more flexible than bone
Ossification - process of bone formation, during which cartilage is replaced by bone
Osteoblast – Helps to form bone
Osteocyte – Helps to maintain bone
Osteoclast – Helps to breakdown bone

32. Joints Joint - place where one bone attaches to another
Depending on its type of movement, a joint is classified as:
Immovable Joints - fused together (skull)
Slightly Movable Joints – vertebrae; tibia, fibula
Freely Movable Joints 

33. Freely Moveable Joints

34. Joint Structure
Ligament - strip of tough connective tissue in a joint that holds bones together
Tendon – strip of connective tissue that connects muscle to bone

35. The Muscular System

36. The Muscular System There are three different types of muscle tissue:
Skeletal – striated muscle (dark and light banding)
Smooth – spindle shaped, one nucleus, not striated
cardiac – smaller cells, striated

37. Skeletal Muscle Structure

38. The Integumentary System

39. Integumentary System
The integumentary system serves as a barrier against infection and injury, helps to regulate body temperature, removes waste products from the body, and provides protection against ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

40. Skin Formation
Epidermis - outer layer of the skin, formed by epithelial cells
The outer layer of the epidermis is formed of dead, flattened cells that have been toughened by keratin
The inner layer of the epidermis forms new cells and those cells are pushed up to the surface of the epidermis
Keratin - tough, fibrous protein found in skin
Melanin - dark-brown pigment found in skin

41. Skin Epidermis - outer layer of the skin
Dermis - innermost layer of the skin
collagen fibers, blood vessels, nerve endings, glands, sense organs, smooth muscles, and hair follicles
Sweat Gland, Sebaceous Glands
Subcutaneous Layer – formed by a loose connective tissue called adipose (fat)

42. Skin

43. Hair and Nails
Hair – functions: protection form UV rays, insulation, protection (dead keratin filled cells)
hair follicle - tubelike pocket of epidermal cells that extends into the dermis; cells at the base of hair follicles produce hair
Nails – form in a similar process as skin. Keratin helps to harden nails