1. Human Adjustment John W. Santrock
Chapter 13:
Sexuality
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2. Chapter Outline Sexual Motivation and Behavior
Sexuality and Adjustment
Sexuality and Harm
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3. SEXUAL MOTIVATION AND BEHAVIOR
The Biology of Sex
Sensations, Perceptions, and Cognitions
Culture and Sexual Motivation
Gender and Sexual Motivation
Sexual Orientation
Sexual Patterns in the United States
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4. Hormones
Estrogens - class of hormones that predominate in females and are produced by the ovaries
Androgens - class of hormones that predominate in males and are produced by testes in males and the adrenal glands in both males and females
Testosterone is an androgen
For human males, higher androgen levels are associated with sexual motivation and orgasm frequency
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5. Sensations, Perceptions, and Cognitions
Women are more aroused by touch
Men are more aroused by vision
Pheromones - scented substances that are powerful sexual attractants in some animals
Role of pheromones in humans is being debated
Cognition plays an important role in sexuality
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6. Culture and Sexual Motivation
Two sexual scripts in the U.S. culture are:
traditional religious script - sex is accepted only within marriage
romantic script - sex is synonymous with love (if a person is in love, acceptable to have sex)
Sexual scripts = stereotyped patterns of expectancies for how people should behave sexually
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7. Gender and Sexual Motivation
Females learn to link sexual intercourse with love more than males do
Male sexual script emphasizes sexual conquest, and does not intertwine sex and love
Double Standard - belief that many sexual activities are acceptable for males but not females
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8. Gender and Sexual Motivation
Men report more frequent feelings of sexual arousal and rate the strength of their sex drive higher than women
For women, sexuality is strongly linked to a close relationship
Many of these gender differences are seen in homosexual as well as heterosexual relationships
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9. Sexual Orientation
Sexual orientation is a continuum from exclusive heterosexuality to exclusive homosexuality
Sexual orientation = an enduring attraction toward members of one’s own sex (homosexual orientation) or members of the other sex (heterosexual orientation)
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10. What Causes Sexual Orientation?
No conclusive biological cause of homosexuality has been found
An individual’s sexual orientation is most likely determined by a combination of genetic, hormonal, cognitive, and environmental factors
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11. Sexual Patterns in the United States
In 1948, Alfred Kinsey reported that half of American men had engaged in extramarital sex
Kinsey did not use a representative sample
In 1994, Robert Michael reported results from a large and representative sample
Michael found Americans’ sexual lives are more conservative than previously believed
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12. SEXUALITY AND ADJUSTMENT
Sexual Communication
Sexual Myths and Sex Education
Contraception
Psychosexual Dysfunctions and Disorders
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13. Adjustment Strategies for Effective Communication in Sexual Relationships
1. It is normal to feel uncomfortable talking about sex with a partner
2. Take responsibility for your sexual needs
3. Learn about your partner’s sexual needs
4. Criticize constructively
5. Handle criticism effectively
6. If you mean no, say no
7. Pay attention to nonverbal cues
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14. Sex Education
A large majority of U.S. adolescents say they cannot talk freely about sex with their parents
Most U.S. parents prefer to let schools do the job of educating their children about sex
U.S. sex education typically has focused on hazards of sex and the need to protect adolescent females from male predators
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15. Contraception
The most popular contraceptives among older adolescents and adults are the pill and the diaphragm
Younger adolescents are more likely to use a condom or withdrawal
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16. Psychosexual Dysfunctions
Psychosexual dysfunctions = disorders that involve impairments in the sexual response pattern, either in the desire for gratification or the ability to achieve it
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17. Figure 13.7 Prevalence of Sexual Problems in U.S. Men and Women
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18. Treatment for Psychosexual Dysfunctions
Recent treatments that focus directly on each sexual dysfunction have reached success rates of 90% or more
Viagra success rate in treating impotence is up to 80%
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19. Paraphilias
Paraphilias = psychosexual disorders in which the source of an individual’s satisfaction is an unusual object, ritual, or situation
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20. Paraphilias Paraphilias include:
Fetishism - reliance on a specific object for gratification
Transvestism - dressing as a member of the opposite sex
Exhibitionism - exposing sexual anatomy for gratification
Voyeurism - observing sex organs or sex acts of others
Sadism - inflicting pain on partner for gratification
Masochism - deriving gratification from receiving pain
Pedophilia - gratification from child
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21. Gender Identity Disorder
Transsexualism = gender identity disorder in which an individual has an overwhelming desire to become a member of the opposite sex
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22. SEXUALITY AND HARM Sexually Transmitted Infections Rape
Sexual Harassment
Incest
Pornography and Violence Against Women
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23. Sexually Transmitted Infections
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) = diseases that are contracted primarily through sexual contact
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24. Sexually Transmitted Infections
Sexually transmitted infections include:
Gonorrhea
Syphilis
Chlamydia
Genital herpes
HPV (human papilloma virus)
AIDS (caused by human immunodeficiency virus - HIV)
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25. Adjustment Strategies for Protecting Against STIs
1. Know your and your partner’s risk status
2. Obtain medical examinations
3. Have protected sex
4. Don’t have sex with multiple partners
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26. Rape
Rape is traumatic for the victims and those close to them
Sexual dysfunctions occur in 50% of female rape victims
Rape = forcible sexual intercourse with a person who does not give consent
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27. Rape Male rapists share these characteristics:
aggression enhances their sense of power or masculinity
they are angry at women in general
they want to hurt and humiliate the victim
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28. Acquaintance Rape
Ten percent of college women reported being raped in their lifetime
Date or acquaintance rape = coercive sexual activity directed at someone with whom the victim is at least casually acquainted
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29. Adjustment Strategies Involving Acquaintance Rape for MEN and WOMEN
1. Clearly state your expectations
2. Know that women and men have the right to set limits that need to be respected
3. Consider the consequences
4. If you use alcohol, use it in moderation
5. Report the rape
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30. Adjustment Strategies Involving Acquaintance Rape for WOMEN
1. Set and reset sexual limits
2. Think about where you go with a man
3. Get to know the person well, first
4. Be careful about sending conflicting messages
5. Educate yourself about men and sex
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31. Adjustment Strategies Involving Acquaintance Rape for MEN
1. Trust that ‘no’ always means ‘no’
2. Your partner can change her mind at any time
3. Be aware of cultural expectations
4. Know that a woman who wears provocative clothing is not asking to have sex with you
5. Spending money on a date does not give you the right to have sex
6. Be aware of the consequences of your sexual conduct
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32. Sexual Harassment
Sexual harassment takes many forms, from sexist remarks and physical contact to blatant propositions and sexual assaults
Sexual harassment is a manifestation of the power of one person over another
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33. Incest Incest = sex between people who are close relatives
Taboos against incest have developed in virtually all human societies
Incest = sex between people who are close relatives
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34. Pornography and Violence Against Women
Pornography showing sexual violence toward women is more likely to slightly increase violence toward women by male viewers than pornography that displays consensual sex with no violence
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