1. Sexual Variants, Abuse, and Dysfunctions
Psychological problems that make sexual fulfillment especially difficult for some people who develop unusual sexual interests that are difficult to satisfy in a socially acceptable manner.

2. Sociocultural Influences on Sexual Practices and Standards
Degeneracy Theory (1750’s) Simon Tissot
Semen necessary for male physical and sexual vigor
Abstinence Theory (1830’s) Graham and Kellogg
“Secret vice” causes physical symptoms & insanity
Ritualized Homosexuality (E.G. Sambia)
Semen conservation and female pollution
Homosexuality and American Psychology
Sickness. Change in DSM II 1973 (2-6%)

3. Sexual and Gender Variants
Paraphilias- group of persistent sexual behavior patterns in which unusual objects, rituals, or situations are required for full sexual satisfaction.
Characterized by a compulsive quality.
Distinguished by the insistence and relative exclusivity with which sexuality focuses on the acts or objects in question without which orgasm is often impossible.
Relational dissatisfaction with partner who discovers themselves to be an object in the paraphilic’s drama.

4. The Paraphilias I. Fetishism Transvestic Fetishism Voyeurism
Sexual variant in which sexual interest centers on some inanimate object or nonsexual part of the body.
Transvestic Fetishism
Achievement of sexual arousal and satisfaction by dressing as a member of the opposite sex.
Voyeurism
Achievement of sexual arousal through clandestine “peeping”.
Exhibitionism
Intentional exposure of genitals to others without their consent.

5. Paraphilias II. Sexual Sadism Sexual Masochism Frotteurism
Achievement of sexual stimulation and gratification by inflicting physical or psychic pain or humiliation on a sexual partner.
Sexual Masochism
Achievement of sexual stimulation and gratification from experiencing pain or degradation in relating to a lover.
Frotteurism
Achievement of sexual stimulation and gratification from rubbing against a non-consenting person.

6. Paraphilias: Causal Factors
Male
Visual Sexual Imagery
Perhaps men are more dependent on physical stimuli more than women.
Current hit on internet pornography sites for females 45%
Erotic Target Location Theory
Application of classical conditioning to sexual preferences
Most have more than one.

7. Paraphilias: Treatment
Aversion Therapy
Electric Shock
Assisted Covert Sensitization
Cognitive-Behavioral Treatment

8. Sexual Abuse
Sexual contact that involves physical aor psychological coercion or at least one individual who cannot reasonably consent to contact.
Childhood Sexual Abuse
Definition (rates 5-30%)
Related to ptsd, personality disorders, dissociative symptoms, aversion to sex, sexual inappropriateness, low self-esteem, etc.
False Memory Syndrome

9. Sexual Abuse II. Pedophilia Treatment
A paraphilia in which an adult’s preferred or exclusive sexual partner is a prepubertal child.
Treatment
Cognitive Restructuring
Social Skills Training
Castration
High recidivism rate 25-50%

10. Human Sexuality
Considered One of the Major Motives of Life

14. Sexual Dysfunctions
Definition- Impairment either in the desire for sexual gratification or in the ability to achieve it.
Four Phases of Human Sexual Response
Desire Excitement
Excitement Plateau
Orgasm Orgasm
Resolution Resolution
Dysfunction can occur at any of the first three phases.

16. Sexual Dysfunction: Prevalence
Altogether 45% of men and 55% of women reported some dysfunction during the last year.
Women
33% report lack of sexual interest
24% report inability to experience orgasm
Men
29% reported climaxing to early
17% reported sexual anxiety
16% reported lack of sexual interest

28. Dysfunctions of Sexual Desire
Sexual Desire Disorders
Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
A sexual dysfunction in which a person shows little or no sexual drive or interest.
Sexual Aversive Disorder
A sexual dysfunction in which the person shows extreme aversion to, and avoidance of, all genital sexual contact with a partner

29. Dysfunction of Sexual Arousal
Male Erectile Disorder
A sexual dysfunction in which a man is unable to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for successful sexual intercourse (impotence).
Female Sexual Arousal Disorder
A sexual dysfunction involving the absence of sexual arousal feelings and unresponsiveness to most or all forms of erotic stimulation.

30. Orgasmic Disorders Premature Ejaculation Male Orgasmic Disorder
Persistent and recurrent onset of orgasm and ejaculation with minimal sexual stimulation, occurring before, at, or shortly after penetration and before the man wants it to.
Male Orgasmic Disorder
A persistent delay in the ability to ejaculate or an inability to ejaculate during intercourse following a normal sexual excitement phase.
Female Orgasmic Disorder
Persistent or recurrent delay in or absence of orgasm following a normal sexual excitement phase.

31. Dysfunctions Involving Physical Pain
Vaginismus (see next slide)
Involuntary spasm of the muscles at the entrance to the vagina that prevents penetration and sexual intercourse.
Dyspareunia
Painful coitus (typically has an organic cause)
Functional Dyspareunia- psychologically based problem related to aversion to sexual intercourse.

33. Treatment of Sexual Dysfunction: consider Pro and Cons
Medication (viagra)
Erectile and perhaps female sexual arousal.
Sensate Focus
Orgasmic, Vaginismus
Use of Dilators of Increasing Size
Vaginismus
Cognitive-Behavioral (see next slide)
Dyspareunia, vaginismus, erectile, premature