1. Spermatophyta (seed plants)

2. Gymnosperm/Pinophyta
Characteristics
Vascular plant characterized by seed (Spermatophyta)
They don’t have real flower (they only have cone/strobilus)
Seed being naked on specialized leaf or a scale of the cone
Habitus: shrub, visible strolls, vine, trees
Have taproots
Have branches stems
Have hard, needle-like or fan like leafs

3. Classification 1. Cycadinae - Have large cones
- Haven’t branches
- Have large cones
- Leaves like palm’s leaves
- Dioceus
- Example: Cycas rumphii

6. Female strobilus

7. Male strobilus

8. 2. Coniferae Needle-like leaves Evergreen (always green)
Many are large trees
Needle-like leaves
Evergreen (always green)
They are usually monocious
Example: Pinus mercusii

10. Female strobilus Male strobilus

11. 3. Ginkgoinae It is a tall plant
The leaf has a long stalk, is fan-shaped, and has branched veins
In autumn, the leaves fall
The outer cover of the seed is fleshy, while the inner cover is hard
Example: Gingko biloba

16. 4. Gnetinae Tropical trees, shrub or vine
Leaves look similar to flower plant
Seed look somewhat like fruits
Single leaves
Example: Gnetum gnemon

19. Penyerbukan adalah menempelnya serbuk sari pada mikropil (liang bakal biji) → Gymnosperm
Penyerbukan adalah menempelnya serbuk sari ke kepala putik → Angiosperm
Pembentukan megaspora disebut megasporogenesis
Pembentukan mikrospora disebut mikrosporogenesis
Pembentukan megagametofit disebut megagametogenesis

20. Megasporangium (nuselus)
Bakal biji
ada
Megasporangium (nuselus)
ada
Sel induk megaspora
megasporogenesis
meiosis
4 megaspora
1 megaspora fungsional
membelah
megagametofit
megagametogenesis

22. Angiosperm/Magnoliophyta
Already have true flower
The shape and composition of flower vary but has the same basic parts, that is petals, sepals, pistil and stamen
Pistil consist of styles, stigma, and ovary which contains ovules
Stamen consist of filaments and anthers which contain pollen grains
It has thin, wide leaves, and leaf veins with varied composition
Ovule or seed does not appear, because it is covered by cotyledons
It is undergoes double fertilization

23. Clasifications
Monocot : one cotyledon
Dicots : two cotyledons

24. Dicots versus Monocots Seeds
- Two cotyledons
Flower parts in
fours or fives
Leaves with distinct
vein network
Vascular cambium
present
Vascular bundles in
ring
Pollen grain with
three apertures
One cotyledon
threes
Leaves with parallel
primary veins.
absent
Vascular bundles
scattered
Pollen grain with one
aperture

25. Dicots

26. taproots
fibrous

32. megasporogenesis 4 inti 4 inti 1 inti ke tengah 1 inti ke tengah
Bakal biji
ada
Megasporangium (nuselus)
ada
Sel induk megaspora
megasporogenesis
meiosis
4 megaspora
1 megaspora fungsional
membelah
2 inti
Ke kutub kalaza
Ke kutub mikrofil
Membelah 2 kali
Membelah 2 kali
4 inti
4 inti
Mega
gameto
genesis
1 inti ke tengah
1 inti ke tengah
2 inti di tengah
kandung lembaga
3 inti membentuk sel
3 inti membentuk sel
Sel kandung
Lembaga (2n)
Sel antipoda
Sel telur
Sel sinergid

33. Kepala sari 2 ruang sari 2 kantong sari (mikrosporangium)
ada
2 ruang sari
ada
2 kantong sari
(mikrosporangium)
mikrosporogenesis
Sel induk mikrospora
meiosis
4 sel mikrospora (n)
Serbuk sari
Mikro
gameto
genesis
Di buluh
Serbuk
sari
Sel vegetatif
Sel generatif
2 Sel sperma

34. Pollination Based on agent
1. anemofili → wind
2. hidrofili → water
3. zoodiofili → animals
a. entomofili → insects
b. ornitofili → birds
c. kiropterofili → bats
d. malakofili → snails
4. antrofili → humans
Based on falling down pollen grains to stigma
1. autogami → alone
2. geitonogami → neighbour one plant
3. allogami → neighbour other plant (same kinds)
4. hibridogami → neighbour other plant (different
kinds)