1. Los Alamos Fire Department
Basic First Aid

2. First Aid
The initial care of the sick and injured

3. Scene Assessment Scene Safety Is the scene safe? Mechanism of Injury
Triage
Additional resources
                                                                      

4. Primary survey Airway Breathing Circulation Life Threats History
Secondary Survey

5. Level of Consciousness
Is the patient conscious?
Gently shake the patient
If unconscious place in the rescue position
                                                                      

6. Rescue position
Place patient on the left side

7. Airway Is the airway open and clear? Are there noisy breath sounds
Open and Clear the airway
Consider neck injury
                                                                      

8. Airway
                                                                      
                                                                      
                                                                      
Open airway Closed Airway Airway obstruction

9. Breathing
Look
Listen
Feel
                                                                      

10. Circulation Is there a strong carotid pulse? Is it strong?
Is it regular?
If no pulse present start CPR.
                                                                      

11. Life Threats
Expose
Control bleeding

12. Secondary Survey Vital signs Skin appearance Head and neck Eye Chest
Abdomen
Back
Extremities
Medical alert symbols

13. Fracture An injury in which the tissue of a bone is disrupted
If more pressure is put on a bone than it can stand, it will split or break
An open fracture (in which bone breaks the skin) can be easily infected

15. Fracture Symptoms Visible out of place joint or limb
Limitation of movement
Swelling and intense pain
Numbness and tingling
Paleness and no pulse
Pain on weight bearing

16. Fracture Treatment
Do not move the victim unless the injured area is immobilized
Do not move a victim with an injured hip, pelvis, or upper leg injure unless it is absolutely necessary

17. Sling and Swathe
                                                                      
                                                                      

18. Fracture First Aid
Check the victims airway, breathing and circulation.
Keep the victim still and provide assurance.
If the skin is broken by a fractured bone, take steps to prevent infection.
Splint or sling the injury in the position you found it.
Be sure to immobilize the joint above and below the injury.
Check circulation (Pulse or capillary refill)
Get medical help.

19. Neck or Back injuries Do not move the patient.
Check for airway, breathing, and circulation.
If there is neck pain present, manually stabilize the patients head.
Call for medical assistance.

20. Spinal Injuries Manually stabilize the head Call 911
Do not allow the patient to move.

21. Sprains

22. Sprains and strains
Ligaments and cartilage can be damaged by a fall or other injury.
Signs and symptoms include pain, swelling and deformity
Isolate the extremity and place cold dressings.
Seek medical attention if severe

23. Sprains and Strains

24. Splinting Skill Stations

25. Hemorrhage
Capillary (oozing bright red): seen in minor scrapes and shallow cuts to the skin.
Venous (oozing dark red): Can be profuse
Arterial (spurting): pulsating as the heart beats

26. Lacerations and Abrasions
Laceration: jagged cuts
Abrasion: scratches and scrapes
Avulsion: tearing off of large flaps of skin
Incision: smooth cuts
Puncture: a penetrating wound
Crush injuries: a body part has been crushed often rupturing soft tissues and internal organs.

27. Wound care Expose the wound Control bleeding
Prevent further contamination
Keep the patient lying still
Reassure the patient
Care for shock

28. Bleeding
Internal: Often not noted until signs and symptoms of shock are present
External: visible externally in the for of lacerations, abrasions, puncture wounds, avulsions

29. Treatment of Bleeding Wear Protective Equipment Apply Direct Pressure
Apply Pressure Dressing
Pressure Points
Elevate extremity
Tourniquet
Splint the extremity

30. Bandaging Latex gloves Direct pressure 4 x 4 gauze dressings
Roller gauze
Pressure point
Elevation

31. Impaled Objects
                                                                      
                                                                      
                                                                      
Do not remove object
Splint the object in place

32. Nosebleeds Pinch nose Lean forward Apply cold pack to back of neck
Seek medical attention if the bleed does not subside
                                                                      

33. Amputations
Cutting or tearing off of the fingers, toes, hands, feet, arms or legs.

34. Treatment of Amputations
Control bleeding with direct pressure
Wrap or bag the amputated part in plastic
Keep amputated part cool

35. Bandaging Skill Stations

36. Shock
Occurs when there is a failure of the circulatory system t provide enough blood to all the vital parts of the body.
Unless action is taken, shock can lead to death

37. Shock Signs and Symptoms
Weakness
Nausea
Thirst
Dizziness
Restlessness and fear

38. Shock signs and symptoms
Rapid and shallow breathing
Rapid and weak pulse
Pale, cool, and clammy skin
disoriented

39. Eye injuries Do not remove any impaled objects
Do not attempt to put the eye back in its socket
Do not apply direct pressure on a cut eyeball

40. Eye injuries Pour water into the eyes
Direct the patient to look side to side
Flush for 20 minutes
Bandage both eyes to restrict eye movement
Seek medical attention

41. Shock Treatment Have the patient lie down and rest
Deep the airway open
Control external bleeding
Keep warm
Elevate the lower extremities 12 inches
Call 911

42. Burns First degree burn: Only the outer layer of the skin is burned.
Second degree burn: first layer of skin is burned through and the second layer is damaged.
Third degree burn: all the layers of the skin are damaged.

43. Burns Stop the burning process Call 911 Maintain an open airway
Cover the burn with a loose sterile dressing
Give special care to fingers and toes. Insert sterile pads between each finger or toe.
Do not moisten the dressings unless the burn involves less than 9 percent of the surface area
Provide care for shock

44. Loss of Consciousness Usually a self correcting form of mild shock
Patient may be injured in a fall due to fainting
May be a warning sign of a serious condition

45. Loss of Consciousness Treatment
Prevent the person from fainting by lowering the head.
Aid them to the ground
Elevate legs 8-12 inches
Call 911

46. Cold Weather Emergencies
Hypothermia
Frostbite
Frostnip

47. Hypothermia Lowering of the body temperature below 95 degrees
Weather does not have to be below freezing for hypothermia to occur
Elderly and infants are at higher risk
People with other illnesses and injuries are susceptible to hypothermia

48. Loss of Body Heat
Conduction: Transfer of heat from body to colder object
Convection: transfer of heat through circulating air
Evaporation: Cooling of body through sweating
Radiation: Loss of heat directly into a colder environment
Respirations: Body heat lost during breathing.

49. Hypothermia Signs and Symptoms
Shivering
Cold skin
Bluish skin
Slow pulse
Slow breathing
Confusion
Weak pulse
Sluggish pupils
Coma
No Shivering

50. Hypothermia Treatment
Remove patient from cold environment.
Do not allow patient to walk.
Remove any wet clothing and cover with blankets
Do not massage extremities.
Warm if possible.
Seek medical attention

51. Frostbite or Frostnip Remove the patient from further exposure
Handle the injured part gently.
Remove any wet or restricting clothing
Never attempt rewarming if there is chance the part may freeze again

52. Heat related injuries
Heat exhaustion
Heat Stroke
Heat Cramps

53. Heat exhaustion
Onset while working hard or exercising in hot environment.
In elderly and young, onset may occur while at rest in hot, humid, and poorly ventilated areas.
Cold, clammy skin.
Dry tongue and thirst.

54. Heat Exhaustion Signs and Symptoms
Dizziness, weakness, or fainting
Normal or slightly elevated body temperature
Normal or increased pulse

55. Heat exhaustion treatment
Remove patient from hot environment
Loosen any tight clothing
Lie victim down and elevate legs
Fan to cool
If conscious, give water slowly.

56. Heat Stroke Hot, dry, flushed skin
Change in behavior leading to unresponsiveness
Pulse rate is rapid, then slow.
Death can occur if the patient is not treated rapidly

57. Heat stroke treatment Call 911 Move patient out of the hot environment
Provide air conditioning at high setting
Remove the patients clothing
Apply moist dressings
Cover the patient with wet towels or sheets
Fan aggressively

58. Heat Cramps Painful muscle spasms Remove from hot environment
Rest the cramping muscle
Replace fluids by mouth
If cramps do not go away, seek medical assistance

59. Poisonings Call poison control center Call 911 Identify poison
Supportive care

60. Drug Overdose Call 911 Provide life support measures if required
Monitor respirations
Protect from further harm
Care for shock
Reassure patient

61. Bites, stings, and poisonous plants
Noticeable sting or bite to the skin
Puncture marks to the skin
Pain at the wound site
Itching
Weakness, dizziness, or collapse
Headache
Nausea
Allergy shock

62. Bites and Stings treatment
Provide care for shock
Scraping away bee and wasp stingers with flat edge
Keep the extremity below the level of the heart.
Call 911

63. Snakebites Noticeable bite to the skin Pain and swelling in the area
Rapid pulse and labored breathing
Weakness
Vision problems
Nausea and vomiting

64. Snakebite Treatment Call 911 Keep the patient calm and lying down
Remove rings, bracelets and other constricting items
Keep extremity immobilized
Keep below the level of the heart
Provide care for shock.

65. Handling and transporting of injured persons
One person lift
Two person lift
Blanket pull

66. Altered Mental Status Underlying causes
Diabetes: Blood sugar too low or too high
Poisonings
Drug overdoses
Environmental emergencies

67. First Aid Kits Gauze pads (4 x 4) Two large gauze pads (8 x 10)
Band-aids
Gauze roller bandage
Two triangular bandages
Wound cleaning agent
Splint
Scissors
One blanket
Tweezers
Adhesive tape
Latex gloves
Resuscitation devices
Two elastic wraps
Emergency requests