1. 1 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics

2. Road Maintenance with Geosynthetics K.Boychev

3. 3 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Crack Appearance on Bituminous Roads - Reflective Cracking - Thermal Cracking - Differential Settlements - Frost Heave (- Rutting)

4. 4 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Crack Appearance on Bituminous Roads (e.g. Differential Settlements)

5. 5 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Crack Appearance on Bituminous Roads (e.g. Differential Settlements)

6. 6 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Paving Product Matrix Paving Products SAMI / reflective cracking “Stress Absorbing Membrane Interlayer” Asphalt reinforcement Non-woven Continuous filament Non-woven Staple/short fiber Geogrids Geocomposites Glass PET Coated/ Uncoated PP/PET nonwoven + Glass Uncoated PP or PET

7. 7 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics PGM is a mechanically bonded continuous filament nonwoven of 100% Polypropylene with optimum bitumen retention capacity. (EN 15381 or acc. Texas D.O.T Item 3099)  Reflective Cracking (STR) + Seals the surface (B) Literature: EN 15381 PGM PGM-G is a high strength geocomposite, PGM + alkali resistant glass fibre reinforcement  Reflective Cracking(STR)+Seals the surface(B)+Reinforcement(R) Literature: EN 15381 Group 1 PGM-G50/50 PGM-G100/100 PGM-G150/150 Group 2 PGM-G30/30 E PGM-G50/50 E PGM-G100/100 E

8. 8 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Road Construction – General Location of PGM, PGM-G & PGM-G E Literature GESTRATA Handbook Sep.2002

9. 9 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Road Construction – Stress Relieving Layer Conventional Method Bore Cores Taken from Hungarian Highway! Stress relieving layer thickness up to 90mm thickness!

10. 10 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Road Construction – Stress Reliefe Layer (SAMI) PGM and PGM-G Method Bore Cores Taken from Hungarian Highway!

11. 11 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Applications PGM 14 only PGM 14 PGM-G & E Grades (1) Bituminous Overlays Hot Rolled Asphalt (2) Surface Dressing

12. 12 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Typical Crack Growth Bituminous Overlay Subbase Crack Growth PGM & PGM-G Thermal expansion and contraction Bituminous Overlay

13. 13 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics TenCate PGM & PGM-G Stress Relief Layer (SAMI) Stress Concentration! Stress Reduction! Increases the Life Time

14. 14 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Working Procedures (1) Cleaning the road surface (2) Filling of the potholes and cracks (>3mm) with bitumen On highly damaged roads a levelling layer is recommended

15. 15 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Working Procedures (3) Tack Coat Spray Pour Bitumen or Emulsion Quantity >1.1 kg/m² Bitumen (PGM-G) Quantity >0.4 kg/m² Bitumen (PGM-G E) High Viscosity > 65% Bitumen Content (4) Paving Geocomposite or Paving Fabric Installation - Installation device (recommended) - no folds - no overlapping required

16. 16 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics -after the PGM & PGM-G installation -possibility of temporary trafficking Working Procedures -After Installation of Geosynthetics tack coat spray -Application of chipping b) Surface Dressing a) Bituminous Wearing Coarse

17. 17 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics -Apply asphalt layer after the installation of PGM & PGM-G products -Pavers on tracks is recommended -Installation temperature between 120°C to 165°C, depending on layer thickness -If the tyres are sticking: Spread asphalt in the wheel tracks (1) Working Procedures – Bituminous Overlays Installation of PGM & PGM-G products

18. 18 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Example – Installation of asphalt overlay

19. 19 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics -Application of tack coat to existing pavement installation of PGM; 2nd. application of tack coat 0,8 kg/m² emulsion -Volume of emulsion, amount and grading of chipping, in accordance with guidelines for surface dressing -Immediately after 1.chipping layer rolling necessary -In case of 2 or more chipping layers, a sufficient bonding is required between the layers -After 1-3 days test driving the unbounded chips has to be removed (2) Working Procedures – Surface Dressing Installation of PGM

20. 20 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Example of Surface Dressing (A143, Bungay Norfolk UK) Road Surface before treatment 6mm surface dressing being applied on PGM 14

21. 21 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Project Introduction Mrozow/Poland July 2008 Surface Dressing with PGM14 Access Road on countryside Hot Rolled Asphalt (e.g. 4 or 5cm) is COSTLY ! Actual Problem

22. 22 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Requirement of Quality Paving Geocomposites Prevention of Reflective Cracking + Asphalt Reinforcement TC PGM-G Benefits Crack Relief (STR) Sealing (B) Reinforcement (R) Literature: EN 15381 Elongation of Asphalt Concrete approx. 0,1% 0°Grad approx.2% 20°Grad

23. 23 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Paving Geocomposites (E - Types) PGM-G30/30 E Rehabilitation of Asphalt RoadsPGM-G50/30 E PGM-G100/100 E Elongation of Asphalt Concrete approx. 0,1% 0°Grad approx.2% 20°Grad

24. 24 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics NEW Paving Geocomposites for Road Extentions

25. 25 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Functions according EN 15381 – Geotextiles and geotextile related products R + STR + B R= reinforcement = reinforce the bituminous layer, stopping and controlling the cracking process STR= stress relief = function provided by a bitumen-saturated paving fabric (non- woven or purpose-built composite) which, when is properly installed between a road surface and a new asphalt overlay allows for slight differential movements two layers and thus provides stress relief, which delays or arrests crack propagation in the asphalt overlay B= interlayer barrier = function provided by paving fabrics, which act in conjunction with a bitumen layer as a barrier to the ingress of water and thus prevent or delay the deterioration of the pavement

26. 26 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Sealing Permeability Conventional Method vs. PGM & PGM-G Literature: Transportation Research Center by M. L. Marienfield and T. L.Baker The non-woven works as Bitumen Storage. The sprayed bitumen will kept in place. Conventional constructions PGM Application Water Permeability Reduction from 10 -1 to 10 -5 mm/sec (140g/m² nonwoven)

27. 27 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Polyfelt PGM 14- Flexural Fatigue Test 0 1 C r a c k d e p t h [ c m ] 100200300400500600 Time [min] 3 2 4 5 6 without PGM with PGM 1m

28. 28 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics

29. 29 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Fatigue Test Data (prepared by Resource Int, Ohio) – at 20°C 50 Rubber Foundation Notch 3mm P Steel Plate Rubber 25 Applied Load:890N Asphalt Type:AC20 Thickness:5cm Beam:7,5cmx7,5cmx61cm Applied Load:890N Asphalt Type:AC20 Thickness:5cm Beam:7,5cmx7,5cmx61cm Product Type:PGM 14 Tack Coat: 0,9 kg/m² Result Fatigue Data: C-111.800 C-210.076 C-312.084 Result Fatigue Data: F-120.850 F-216.976 F-318.564 25 50 Rubber Foundation Notch 3mm P Steel Plate Rubber PGM FEF - FEF 1,7 ESAL =no of cycles in 1.000

30. 30 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics 25 Applied Load:890N Asphalt Type:AC20 Thickness:5cm Beam:7,5cmx7,5cmx61cm Product Type:PGM 14 Tack Coat: 1,3kg/m² Result Fatigue Data: F-424.826 F-531.637 F-629.387 Result Fatigue Data: F-748.117 F-846.846 F-949.587 50 25 50 Rubber Foundation Notch 3mm P Steel Plate Rubber PGM FEF 2,6 FEF 4,3 Rubber Foundation Notch 3mm P Steel Plate Rubber PGM Applied Load:890N Asphalt Type:AC20 Thickness:5cm Beam:7,5cmx7,5cmx61cm Product Type:PGM 14 Tack Coat: 1,1 kg/m² ESAL =no of cycles in 1.000 Fatigue Test Data (prepared by Resource Int, Ohio) – at 20°C

31. 31 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Analysis of the tests (Faculty Polytechnico Milano/Italy – Four Point Beam test 2008) Message 1 Message 2 Message 1: Cycle Increase at the same loss of elastic modulus (%) Message 2: With same load cyles an increase of bearing capacity of 25% will be achieved

32. 32 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Road Rehabilitation 2003/ Trento/Italy

33. 33 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Bridging – Effect of used paving fabric

34. 34 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Spraying of Tack coat Complete Bitumen Spraying required

35. 35 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Installation of PGM-G products

36. 36 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Bituminous Overlays approx. 10cm lateral distance

37. 37 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Installation side by side laying (butt joint) ….ready for the asphalt layer application…

38. 38 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Installation of PGM 14 on Cement Stab. Layer - 3,5 cm SMA11 LKI (´05) - 12,0 cm BT32 LKI - TenCate PGM 14 - 1,9 kg/m² O70 K PM - Evaporation Protection - 30 cm Cement Stab.

39. 39 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Factors of success  Installation Support & Installation Equipment Manual Equipment for max 1,90m width (expandable) Equipment for max 3,80m Mounted on excavator, Bobcat, etc.

40. 40 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Factors of success  Usage of products which can get trafficked

41. 41 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics a)Installation of geosynthetic interlayers commencing April 2008 (3 groups Geotextiles, Geocomposite, Geogrids & Conventional Section) b)Subsequently Trafficking for 3 month on the test area (Teerag Asdag in Vienna) c)Drilling of 350 bore cores on the site by end of June 2008 by “MAPAG” 2 Years Research Project - TU-Vienna d)Start wedge splitting test of taken bore cores of the site in September 2008 by TU Vienna. Finalization of all tests by end of 2009

42. 42 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Group 1: function = stress absorbing membrane interlayer (SAMI) Group 2: function = Asphalt Reinforcement 2 Years Research Project - TU-Vienna

43. 43 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Group 3: function = Geocomposite SAMI + Asphalt Reinforcement

44. 44 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Wedge Splitting Test [Tschegg 1986] Fracture mechanic properties obtained Cubes  from Drilling cores Interface (Geosynthetics) in the middle of the specimen Splitting energy in the specimen, Starter notch  crack control F H = F M /(2tg(α/2))… α=angle of wedge F V small compared to F H

45. 45 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics WST – Evaluation of results σ NTS.... notch tensile strength [MPa] F H max... max. splitting force [N] A......... ligament area [mm²] M b....... bending moment [Nmm] W y …... axial section modulus [mm³] G F .... spec. fracture energy [J/m²] A …... ligament area [m²] F H  …. horizontal force [N] s....... CMOD [m]

46. 46 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Fracture crack growth behavior Reference: low energy  fast crack growth Non performing Interlayer:  low resistance against crack growth Well performing Interlayer:  no crack growth Geosynthetics takes over the force even the CMOD is more than 2mm fracture at -10°C, 0°C, +10°C

47. 47 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Large scale test pit  Installation

48. 48 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Large scale test pit  Specimen Drilling core + interlayer   

49. 49 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Methods for the evaluation of the crack growth 1.Electrical Device 2.Optical Device 3.Acoustical crack evaluation Screenshoot Webcam 2 Years Research Project - TU-Vienna

50. 50 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Test Equipment with Cooling box (Test Temperatures at -20°C, 0°C, +20°C) Cooling Equipment with in Integrated testing machine 2 Years Research Project - TU-Vienna

51. 51 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics WST - Mechanical & Fracture mechanical results: Result Group 1 = SAMI Crack growth resistance at -10°C = 6 times higher than reference sample at 0° = 2 times higher than the reference sample at +10°C = similar to reference values decisive temperature for damage in asphalt is below +10°C SAMI retard reflective cracking efficient Crack growth resistance Tensile strength

52. 52 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Result Group 2 = Reinforcement Grid Interlayer: adhesive tensile strength and crack growth resistance are lower compared to the reference sample at -10°C the strength is reduced up to 50% of the reference No mechanical and fracture mechanical (no crack growth resistance) benefit could be found only grid “C” is more ductile than the reference but the bond strength is also not satisfying Crack growth resistance Tensile strength

53. 53 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Result Group 3 = SAMI + Reinforcement Crack growth resistance at -10°C = 4 to 5 times higher than the reference at 0°C = 2 times higher = double fracture energy SAMI + Asphalt Reinforcement retard reflective cracking efficient Geocomposites provide Stress relief and Asphalt Reinforcement at -10°C, 0°C Asphalt (at -10°C, 0°C brittle) tend to reflective cracking due to heavy traffic loads Asphalt is ductile at +10°C  deformation, rutting occurs Crack growth resistanceTensile strength

54. 54 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Test Project Report “Yambol-Bolyarsko” 2007 – before installation

55. 55 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Test Project Report “Yambol-Bolyarsko” 2007 – installation of crack reinforcement

56. 56 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics 2007 – installation of crack reinforcement Test Project Report “Yambol-Bolyarsko”

57. 57 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics 2007 – installation of crack reinforcement Test Project Report “Yambol-Bolyarsko”

58. 58 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics 2009 – investigation of the results Without PGM-G crack reinforcement With PGM-G crack reinforcement Test Project Report “Yambol-Bolyarsko”

59. 59 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics With PGM-G crack reinforcement 2009 – investigation of the results Test Project Report “Yambol-Bolyarsko”

60. 60 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics 2009 – investigation of the results Without PGM-G crack reinforcement Test Project Report “Yambol-Bolyarsko”

61. 61 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Before repairs – in 2007 After repairs – in 2009 2009 – investigation of the results Test Project Report “Yambol-Bolyarsko”

62. 62 |Road Maintenance with TC-Geosynthetics Thanks' for your questions ? TenCate Geosynthetics Europe Schachermayrstr.18 A - 4021 Linz/Austria www.tencate.com