1. Male and Female Reproductive Systems

2. Male Reproductive System
It includes both internal and external organs
Two main functions:
Production and storage of sperm –
The male reproductive cells
And the transfer of sperm to the female’s body during sexual intercourse.

3. Male Reproductive System
Early teen years (12-15 years old), the male reproductive reaches maturity.
Testosterone –
The male sex hormone
Produced in the pituitary gland

4. Testosterone Initiates physical changes that signal maturity:
Broadening of the shoulders
Development of muscles
Facial and body hair
Deepening of the voice
Controls the production of sperm

6. External Male Reproductive Organs
Testes (singular, testis)
Scrotum
Penis

7. Testis Located in the scrotum
Divided into tiny tubules in which sperm are formed
Part of both the reproductive and endocrine system
Produce male sex hormones (testosterone)
Temperature regulation – Ideal right below body temperature
Cremasteric muscle and reflex
When this muscle contracts, the spermatic cord is shortened and the testicle is moved closer up toward the body, which provides slightly more warmth to maintain optimal testicular temperature.
When cooling is required, the cremasteric muscle relaxes and the testicle is lowered away from the warm body and is able to cool.
Located in the scrotum

8. Scrotum Skin and muscle containing the testicles
It is an extension of the abdomen
An external skin sac

9. Penis
Tube-shaped organ that extends from the trunk of the body just above the testes.
Composed of spongy tissue that contains many blood vessels.
When blood flow to the penis increases, it becomes enlarged and erect.
Also called an erection

10. Semen Released by the penis
It is a thick fluid containing sperm and other secretions from the male reproductive system.

11. Internal Male Reproductive Organs
Vas deferens
Urethra
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Cowper’s gland

12. Vas Deferens Tubes that extend from each epididymis to the urethra
During ejaculation smooth muscle walls contract
Propel sperm to urethra
Vasectomy

13. Urethra
Passageway which both semen and urine leave the male body

14. Seminal Vesicle Provides nourishing fluid for sperm
Fluid eventually creates semen
Fluid is high in proteins, enzymes, fructose, mucus, vitamin C
The high fructose concentrations provide nutrient energy for the spermatozoa

15. Prostate Gland
To store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid
Rest of the seminal fluid is produced by the two seminal vesicles
The alkalinity of seminal fluid helps neutralize the acidity of the vaginal tract, prolonging the lifespan of sperm.
Contain smooth muscles that help expel semen during ejaculation.
A healthy human prostate is slightly larger than a walnut
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder and can be felt during a rectal exam.

16. Cowper’s Glands Bulbourethral gland
During sexual arousal each gland produces a clear secretion known as pre-ejaculate.
Fluid helps to lubricate the urethra for spermatozoa to pass through
Helps flush out any residual urine or foreign matter

17. Epididymis Where sperm mature and are stored
They lack the ability to swim forward (motility) and to fertilize an egg

19. Female Reproductive System
Produces female sex hormones
Stores female reproductive cells
Ova (singular, ovum)

20. Ovaries Female sex gland Produce female sex hormones Store ova (egg)
400,000 at birth
1 matures each month
Ovulation – process of releasing a mature ovum into the fallopian tube each month
The right ovary will release a mature ovum one month, and the left ovary will release one the next month.

23. Fallopian Tubes
A pair of tubes with fingerlike projections that draw in the ovum
Eggs travel from the ovaries to the uterus via the fallopian tubes
Tiny hair-like structures called cilia line the tubes and move egg along
Ectopic pregnancy

24. Vagina
A muscular, elastic passageway that extends from the uterus to the outside of the body
Sperm from the male enter the female reproductive system through here.

25. Fertilization
If sperm are present in the fallopian tubes, a sperm cell may unite with an ovum.
Fertilization of an egg by a sperm is called a zygote.
When the zygote leaves the fallopian tube, it enters the uterus.
Attaches itself to the uterine wall and begins to grow.

26. Uterus Hollow, muscular, pear-shaped organ
Nourishes and protects the fertilized egg

27. Menstruation Each month the uterus prepares for possible pregnancy
If pregnancy doesn’t occur, the thickened lining of the uterus, called the endometrium, isn’t needed, and it breaks down into blood, tissue, and fluids.
These materials pass through the cervix and into the vagina.

28. Cervix Opening of the uterus
The lower, narrow portion of the uterus where it joins with the top end of the vagina
It’s a cylindrical shape
During menstruation the cervix stretches open slightly to allow the endometrium to be shed
During childbirth, contractions of the uterus will dilate the cervix up to 10 cm in diameter to allow the fetus to pass through.

29. Endometrium Tissue that lines the uterus Menstrual cycle
Day 1-8: after seven days, if the egg is not fertilized, menstruation begins
Day 9-23: A new egg is maturing inside the ovary
Day 24: The mature egg is released into one of the fallopian tubes
Day 25-28: The egg travels through the fallopian tube to the uterus.

30. Vulva labia majora labia minora clitoris vaginal orifice
The region of the external genital organs of the female, including the:
labia majora
labia minora
clitoris
vaginal orifice