2. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW Part Four ENTER

3. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW Language Study I. Word StudyWord Study II. Phrases and ExpressionsPhrases and Expressions III. Word BuildingWord Building IV. GrammarGrammar

4. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW I. Word Study Word list: 1.approvalapproval 2.commitcommit 3.convictconvict 4.deterdeter 5.dismissdismiss 6.illustrateillustrate 7.priorprior 8. rejectreject 9. severityseverity 10. witnesswitness 11. householdhousehold 12. declinedecline 13. givengiven

5. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW I. Word Study 1. approval n. the act of approving; an official approbation; sanction To be continued on the next page. for sb.’s approval 求某人指正 give one’s approval to 批准 present sth. to sb. for approval 把某事提交某人批准 submit sth. to sb. for approval 把某事提交某人批准 with/without approval of 经 / 未经 ······ 的批准 v. approve v. disapprove Word formation

6. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW I. Word Study Examples: Her father will never approve of her marriage to you. Congress approved the budget. The mayoress approved the new building plans. v. approve

7. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW I. Word Study 2. commit – v. a. to do, perform, or perpetrate b. to make known the views of (oneself) on an issue c. to learn sth well enough to remember it exactly Examples: to commit a crime/an error Chairman refused to commit himself on the controversial subject before making due investigations. I committed the sonata to memory. a.committed 尽职的, 尽忠的 n. commitment Word formation

8. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW I. Word Study 3. Convict – v. to find or prove (someone) guilty of an offense or crime, especially by the verdict of a court Examples: The jury convicted the defendant of manslaughter. He was convicted of murder. n. conviction Word formation

9. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW I. Word Study 4. deter v. to prevent or discourage from acting, as by means of fear or doubt Examples: Does negotiated disarmament deter war? Failure did not deter us from trying it again. n. a. deterrent deterrent policy deterrent power a nuclear deterrent Word formation

10. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW I. Word Study 5. dismiss Examples: The boss threatened to dismiss all the employees who had expressed their sympathy for the strike, but it’s all bluff. The General dismissed troops after the inspection. n. dismissal Word formation v. a. to end the employment or service of; to discharge b. to direct or allow to leave

11. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW I. Word Study Examples: His story illustrates her true generosity very clearly. The book was illustrated with color photographs. 6. illustrate – v. a. to clarify, as by use of examples or comparisons; b. to provide (a publication) with explanatory or decorative features n. illustration a. illustrative Word formation

12. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW I. Word Study Examples: I have a prior engagement and so can’t go with you. This task is prior to all others. a prior consideration 优先考虑 You must give this matter priority. 7. prior – a. preceding in time or order b. preceding in importance or value n. priority according to priority give (first) priority to Word formation

13. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW I. Word Study v. to refuse to accept, submit to, believe, or make use of Examples: He rejected their invitation point-blank. reject an offer of help 拒绝别人提供的帮助 reject an appeal 驳回上诉 a reject from the varsity team 被大学代表队拒绝的人 8. reject n. rejection n. reject 被拒之 人, 被弃之物 Word formation

14. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW I. Word Study 9. severity v. a. the state or quality of being severe b. the act or an instance of severe behavior, especially punishment Examples: the severity of winter 冬天的酷寒 punish sb. with severity 严厉地惩罚某人 a. severe Word formation

15. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW I. Word Study v. to be present at or have personal knowledge of Examples: He witnessed the accident. We witnessed tremendous changes in the city. a witness of the accident These facts are a witness to his carelessness. 10. witness n. witness Word formation

16. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW I. Word Study 11. household a. a. connected with looking after a house and the people in it b. commonly known; familiar Examples: household appliances 家用电器 Koda has become a household name. To be continued on the next page.

17. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW I. Word Study average household 中等家庭 multiperson household 多人口家庭 peasant household 农户 n. household

18. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW I. Word Study 12. decline – v. a. to refuse politely b. to draw to a gradual close; to wane Examples: I declined their offer of help. an empire that has declined 业已衰落的帝国 sink into a decline 开始衰落, 衰弱下去 ; 体力衰退 ( 尤指因患肺病而衰弱 ) on the decline 走下坡路, 在衰退中 the decline of life 晚年, 暮年 To be continued on the next page. Word formation n. decline

19. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW decline 较正式地、有礼貌地谢绝 He declined the nomination. refuse 是普通用语 : 坚决、果断或坦率地拒绝 He refused to take the money. reject 以否定、敌对的态度当面拒绝 They rejected damaged goods. cf. decline, refuse, reject I. Word Study

20. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW I. Word Study 13. given – a. a. specified; fixed b. prep. granted as a supposition; acknowledged or assumed Examples: We will meet at a given time and location. Given the condition of the engine, it is a wonder that it even starts. The end of Word Study.

21. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW II. Phrases and Expressions List: 1.get tough withget tough with 2.amount toamount to 3.give outgive out 4.the other way roundthe other way round 5.be soft on/be easy onbe soft on/be easy on 6.work outwork out 7.measured against…measured against…

22. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW to become strong-minded or resolute II. Phrases and Expressions 1. get tough with Example: If you are looking for an explanation of why we don’t get tough with criminals, you need only look at the numbers. 对 ······ 态度 强硬

23. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW 2. amount to to add up to, total, be equal to, in quantity or in meaning Examples: His debts amount to five thousand dollars. The seemingly polite letter amounts to a refusal. 共计, 等同于 II. Phrases and Expressions

24. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW 3. give out to give sth. to each person in a group II. Phrases and Expressions Example: Students were giving out leaflets to everyone on the street.

25. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW 4. the other way round the opposite situation Examples: We think that punishment deters crime, but it just might be the other way round. He didn’t divorce his wife. It was the other way round. To our surprise, the tiger didn’t kill the man. It was the other way round—the man killed the tiger. 相反的情形 II. Phrases and Expressions

26. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW 5. be soft on/be easy on to be not stern; to be lenient; to be treating sb. in a soft manner; to be gently Example: … it makes little sense to blame the police, judges or correctional personnel for being soft on criminals. 对 ······ 心慈手 软 II. Phrases and Expressions

27. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW II. Phrases and Expressions 6. work out – to have a specified result; to make a total amount of sth.; to add up to Examples: It worked out that everyone left on the same train. The ratio works out to an odd number. The total cost of the project worked out to 10 million. 结果是，共 计

28. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW 7. measured against… II. Phrases and Expressions compared with… Examples: Yet when measured against the lower crime rates…, longer prison sentences are not worth the cost to local governments. The country’s economic growth last year is impressive when measured against those of other Asian countries. 和 ······ 比较 The end of Phrases and Expressions.

29. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW III. Word Building List: 1.prefix – non-prefix – non- 2.suffix – -alsuffix – -al

30. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW III. Word Building noncombatant non-: not nonabrasive nonacid nonadjustable nonautomatic nongovernmental 不可研磨的 非酸性的 不可调的 非自动的 非政府性的 The end of prefix. prefix

31. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW III. Word Building -al: action; process renew deny dismiss refuse survive disapprove propose withdraw renewal denial dismissal refusal survival disapproval proposal withdrawal arrival suffix The end of Word Building.

32. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW IV. Grammar Ways of expressing result Ways of comparing things Ways of expressing result Ways of comparing things

33. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW so much/many + noun + that so + adj. + as + to + infinitive so that + a clause; and + a clause; so + a clause do sth. + and + a clause (indicating a future result) so + adj./adv.+ that + a clause and so + a clause (only) to + infinitive of result Ways of expressing result IV. Grammar

34. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW IV. Grammar so much/many + noun + that … that there is so much crime that it simply cannot be punished. so + adj. + as + to + infinitive I will not be so foolish as to suggest a solution to the crime problem.

35. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW IV. Grammar so that + a clause It all served to fog my mind with pleasure so that I forgot my grandpa’s repeated warnings. and + a clause … I cut my hand and blood spurted freely from my wound.

36. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW IV. Grammar so + a clause After some time, my fingers grew cold and numb, so I took the bandage off and threw it away. do sth. + and + a clause (indicating a future result) Read Homer and your mind includes a piece of Homer’s mind.

37. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW IV. Grammar so + adj./adv.+ that + a clause I was so astonished at this that I must have looked rather foolish and everyone laughed. and so + a clause But the disease has not touched his mind, and so it has not affected his work.

38. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW IV. Grammar (only) to + infinitive of result I tried to travel west but only to hit the creek again. The end of Ways of expressing result.

39. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW IV. Grammar Ways of comparing things more + noun + than + clause of comparison the more… the more + adj./comparative form of adj. + noun + than+ clause as + adj. + as + clause more than+ clause as + adj. + as anything as + adv. + as + clause as much/many + noun + as possible as + adv. + as if + clause (as) + adj. + as + noun

40. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW IV. Grammar This amounts to more than 41 million crimes, many more (crimes) than we are able to punish. more + noun + than + clause of comparison The more angry he became, the more she laughed at him. the more… the more

41. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW IV. Grammar Our current crop of prisoners is an elite group, on the whole much more serious offenders than those who were once imprisoned in Alcatraz. The criminal justice system must then become as powerless as a parent… more + adj. + noun + than + clause as + adj. + as + clause

42. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW IV. Grammar Yet any of you… knows more about physics than did many of those great scholars of the past. Sky’s just as blue as anything. more than + clause as + adj. + as anything

43. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW IV. Grammar And now, just as suddenly as the engine started, it stops. One can feel fulfilled… by organizing one’s cell to save as much space as possible. as +adv. + as+ clause as much + noun + as possible

44. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW IV. Grammar The end of Grammar. Harry died abroad, in a third-rate hotel, with Bess weeping as hard as if he had left her a fortune. On EL Camino the traffic was steady and light, peaceful as a river. as + adv. + as if + clause (as) + adj. + as + noun

45. Lesson 3 More Crime and Less Punishment BTLEW Part Four This is the end of Part Four. Please click HOME to visit other parts. HOME