1. Chapter 28 Brave New World: Communism

2. The States of Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union The States of Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union 1. Poland achieved stability in the l960s but by 1971 economic problems became unsettling. An effort in 1980 to pay off its foreign debt by increasing food prices resulted in worker protests that gave birth to a labor movement called Solidarity. Concessions were wrung from the government until December 1981 when leaders of Solidarity were arrested. The union was outlawed and the military assumed rule. In 1988 demonstrations broke out and the regime had to concede free parliamentary elections. In April 1990 it was decided that a new president would be freely elected. In December Lech Walesa was chosen president. 2. After the Soviet Union crushed the Hungarian revolution in 1956, it imposed Janos Kadar on the nation. A reformist1 he maintained many of the revolution's economic reforms. In the 1980s, he legalized small private enterprise and slowly moved Hungary away from strict Soviet dominance. Multi-candidate elections were permitted in 1985. Nevertheless, economic difficulties led to Kadar's ouster in 1988. The communist government faced growing dissatisfaction from the populace and began initiating reforms. In 1990 elections brought a coalition government to power which committed Hungary to democracy and a free economy. 3. Although the Czechoslovakian Communist government repressed opposition after the 1968 revolution, dissident movements grew in the 1970s and especially the 1980s. Attempts to suppress demonstrations in 1988 and 1989 led to more demonstrations. Continuing public pressure resulted in the collapse of the Communist government in December 1989. The Czechs and Slovaks could not agree on the makeup of the new state and therefore peacefully agreed to divide the country between the Czech Republic and Slovakia. This was accomplished on January 1, 1993. 4. The iron grip of Nicolae Ceausescu in Romania was broken in 1989 when his plan for rapid urbanization in conjunction with a poor economy and food shortages led to the loss of support from the people and the army. He was executed on Christmas Day, 1989. The new government has shown little commitment to democracy. In nearby Bulgaria the Communist party succumbed to anti-government demonstrations in 1989 and in 1990 free elections were held with the old Communist party under the name of the Bulgarian socialist won the election. Likewise, the movement to democracy reached Albania in 1989 when reforms brought free elections in 1991. In Yugoslavia, the death of Josip Tito in 1980 left a vacuum and when the people were caught up in the reform movements the government ended authoritarian socialism in 1990. Serbian (Yugoslavia) objectives in forming a Greater Serbian state have led to war. Question: 1. How did the democratic movements of the 1980's destroy communism? The States of Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union 1. Poland achieved stability in the l960s but by 1971 economic problems became unsettling. An effort in 1980 to pay off its foreign debt by increasing food prices resulted in worker protests that gave birth to a labor movement called Solidarity. Concessions were wrung from the government until December 1981 when leaders of Solidarity were arrested. The union was outlawed and the military assumed rule. In 1988 demonstrations broke out and the regime had to concede free parliamentary elections. In April 1990 it was decided that a new president would be freely elected. In December Lech Walesa was chosen president. 2. After the Soviet Union crushed the Hungarian revolution in 1956, it imposed Janos Kadar on the nation. A reformist1 he maintained many of the revolution's economic reforms. In the 1980s, he legalized small private enterprise and slowly moved Hungary away from strict Soviet dominance. Multi-candidate elections were permitted in 1985. Nevertheless, economic difficulties led to Kadar's ouster in 1988. The communist government faced growing dissatisfaction from the populace and began initiating reforms. In 1990 elections brought a coalition government to power which committed Hungary to democracy and a free economy. 3. Although the Czechoslovakian Communist government repressed opposition after the 1968 revolution, dissident movements grew in the 1970s and especially the 1980s. Attempts to suppress demonstrations in 1988 and 1989 led to more demonstrations. Continuing public pressure resulted in the collapse of the Communist government in December 1989. The Czechs and Slovaks could not agree on the makeup of the new state and therefore peacefully agreed to divide the country between the Czech Republic and Slovakia. This was accomplished on January 1, 1993. 4. The iron grip of Nicolae Ceausescu in Romania was broken in 1989 when his plan for rapid urbanization in conjunction with a poor economy and food shortages led to the loss of support from the people and the army. He was executed on Christmas Day, 1989. The new government has shown little commitment to democracy. In nearby Bulgaria the Communist party succumbed to anti-government demonstrations in 1989 and in 1990 free elections were held with the old Communist party under the name of the Bulgarian socialist won the election. Likewise, the movement to democracy reached Albania in 1989 when reforms brought free elections in 1991. In Yugoslavia, the death of Josip Tito in 1980 left a vacuum and when the people were caught up in the reform movements the government ended authoritarian socialism in 1990. Serbian (Yugoslavia) objectives in forming a Greater Serbian state have led to war. Question: 1. How did the democratic movements of the 1980's destroy communism?

3. XThe Soviet Union and Its Eastern European Satellites, 1945-1970 äEconomic recovery FNew five year plan, 1946 äParanoia of Stalin contributes to repression äStalin dies in 1953 and succeeded by Georgy Malenkov who quickly fell to rival Nikita Khruschev (1894-1971) äEconomic reform äDe-Stalinization äGreater freedom äAnger of the party bureaucracy äForeign policy failures, Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 äForced to retire due to “deteriorating health”, 1964

4. XThe Brezhnev Years, 1964-1982 äLeonid Brezhnev (1906-1982) FStability over reform FRevival of Stalin’s reputation FNew state constitution, 1977 FStagnant industrial and agricultural economy m Shortage of consumer goods m Inadequate civilian technology m Inefficient use of energy XInadequate leadership, 1982-1985

5. XCulture in the Soviet Bloc äFollowed the party line äNo criticism äEastern European states varied from country to country FCharter 77 FTourism FSports XSocial changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe äSuccessful transition in most states from agriculture to industry äChanges in education äWomen

6. XDisintegration of the Soviet Union äGorbachev Era FPerestroika (restructuring) FGlasnost FPolitical reforms FCall for a new Soviet parliament, 1988 m Congress of People’s Deputies elected 1989 F1988-1990 nationalist movements erupt m Lithuania declares independence, 1990; rejected by the Congress FGorbachev arrested, August 19, 1991; coup fails FUkraine votes for independence, December 1991, others follow m December 25, 1991, Gorbachev resigns and turns power over to Boris Yeltsin, president of Russia

7. XEastern Europe: From Soviet Satellites to Sovereign Nations äPoland FSolidarity FGeneral Wojciech Jaruzelski outlaws Solidarity, December 1981 FFree parliamentary elections, 1988 FPresident freely elected by the populace, April 1990 äHungary FElections, March 1990 äCzechoslovakia FCharter 77 FCommunist government collapses, December 1989 FCzechoslovakia splits into the Czeh Republic and Slovakia, January 1, 1993

8. äUnification of Germany FEconomic problems and unrest FCommunist government falls, November 1989 FWest and East German economies united, July 1, 1990 FPolitically unified, October 2, 1990 äYugoslavia FDeath of Tito in 1980 FNon-communists win elections in Slovenia, Coatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Macedonia and call for federalist structure, 1990 FSlbodan Milosevic rejects these efforts without new border arrangements to accommodate Serb minorities

9. FSlovenia and Croatia declare independence, 1991 FYugoslav army sent into Sovenia and Croatia m Use of Serbian irregular forces m Ethnic cleansing of Bosnia Muslims m Dayton Accords, 1995 äConsequences of the fall of Communist governments FIll prepared for democracy FPainful conversion to a market economy FFormer communists often able to retain important positions

10. The People’s Republic of China 1. By 1948 the demoralized Nationalist forces of Chiang Kai-shek were disintegrating. In 1949 Chiang and one million mainland Chinese fled to Taiwan. In victory, Mao Zedong proclaimed the People's Republic of China. Within three years the Communists succeeded in consolidating their rule. It was not accomplished without cost. In 1957 Mao admitted 800,000 "enemies' had been liquidated. 2. With a large army at its disposal, China sought to re-establish its jurisdiction over the important areas lost with the decline of the Manchus. Mongolia became a separate republic with ties to the Soviet Union, but China retained Xinjiang. China also sent its forces into Tibet. 3. Mao and Joseph Stalin established a close relationship in the early 1950s and China followed Russia's lead in world affairs. In 1950 a thirty-year treaty of friendship was signed. China began to go its own way, however, as it initiated the Great Leap Forward in 1958 to achieve accelerated development. When Nikita Khrushchev of the Soviet Union criticized Chinese policy, Mao reacted angrily in 1960 and relations between the two states deteriorated. Russian economic aid was abruptly cut off and scientists helping to build a Chinese atomic bomb were withdrawn. In 1969 fighting between China and Russia occurred along the northern border of Xinjiang and over an island in the Ussuri River in the northeast. Both deployed about a million troops along their 5000 mile mutual border. 4. Sino-Indian relations took a tumble when Chinese troops suppressed a revolt in Tibet in 1959 and India gave asylum to the Dalai Lama. When it was learned the Chinese were building a road in a region of Tibet claimed by India, troops were sent to the area in the summer of 1962. A brief border war was fought in which Indian troops were routed when Chinese forces crossed the border. 5. In 1975 a unified Vietnam became an ally of the Soviet Union and thus an enemy of China. The Soviets gave economic and military aid in return for a naval base at Cam Ranh Bay. Relations with China deteriorated in the late 1970s in part due to ill treatment of ethnic Chinese in the country and belief that Vietnam was not sufficiently grateful for the aid it had given during the war. In 1979 China sought to teach Vietnam a lesson by invading its four northern provinces. Vietnam repulsed the invaders but with heavy losses for both sides. 6. In 1997 Hong Kong was returned to China. Questions: 1. What problems existed between China and Russia? 2. What were the sources of conflict between China and India? The People’s Republic of China 1. By 1948 the demoralized Nationalist forces of Chiang Kai-shek were disintegrating. In 1949 Chiang and one million mainland Chinese fled to Taiwan. In victory, Mao Zedong proclaimed the People's Republic of China. Within three years the Communists succeeded in consolidating their rule. It was not accomplished without cost. In 1957 Mao admitted 800,000 "enemies' had been liquidated. 2. With a large army at its disposal, China sought to re-establish its jurisdiction over the important areas lost with the decline of the Manchus. Mongolia became a separate republic with ties to the Soviet Union, but China retained Xinjiang. China also sent its forces into Tibet. 3. Mao and Joseph Stalin established a close relationship in the early 1950s and China followed Russia's lead in world affairs. In 1950 a thirty-year treaty of friendship was signed. China began to go its own way, however, as it initiated the Great Leap Forward in 1958 to achieve accelerated development. When Nikita Khrushchev of the Soviet Union criticized Chinese policy, Mao reacted angrily in 1960 and relations between the two states deteriorated. Russian economic aid was abruptly cut off and scientists helping to build a Chinese atomic bomb were withdrawn. In 1969 fighting between China and Russia occurred along the northern border of Xinjiang and over an island in the Ussuri River in the northeast. Both deployed about a million troops along their 5000 mile mutual border. 4. Sino-Indian relations took a tumble when Chinese troops suppressed a revolt in Tibet in 1959 and India gave asylum to the Dalai Lama. When it was learned the Chinese were building a road in a region of Tibet claimed by India, troops were sent to the area in the summer of 1962. A brief border war was fought in which Indian troops were routed when Chinese forces crossed the border. 5. In 1975 a unified Vietnam became an ally of the Soviet Union and thus an enemy of China. The Soviets gave economic and military aid in return for a naval base at Cam Ranh Bay. Relations with China deteriorated in the late 1970s in part due to ill treatment of ethnic Chinese in the country and belief that Vietnam was not sufficiently grateful for the aid it had given during the war. In 1979 China sought to teach Vietnam a lesson by invading its four northern provinces. Vietnam repulsed the invaders but with heavy losses for both sides. 6. In 1997 Hong Kong was returned to China. Questions: 1. What problems existed between China and Russia? 2. What were the sources of conflict between China and India?

11. XChina under Communist äNew Democracy FPatterned after Lenin’s New Economic Policy FTwo-thirds of peasant households received land m People’s tribunals against landlords and rich farmers äCollectivization initiated, 1955 äCommerce and industry nationalized äGreat Leap Forward, 1958-1960 FCollectives combined to form people’s communes FA failure; 15 million died of starvation äGreat Proletarian Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976 FPower struggle, Mao’s supporters now in power FDestroy all vestiges of traditional society

12. FRed Guard, Mao’s Little Red Book m Anarchy and uncertainty m Death of Mao in September 1976 brought a struggle for succession and the end of the Cultural Revolution m Leadership of Deng Xiaoping (1904-1997) m Trial of the Gang of Four m Four modernizations – industry, agriculture, technology, defense m Criticism of Fang Lizhi (Fang Li-chih) m Tiananmen Square, 1989 XChinese Society under Communism äUse of mass organizations äAlienation of the youth from job opportunities contributed to the growth of the Red Guard and the Cultural Revolution

13. Mausoleum of Mao Zedong

14. äFour Cardinal Principles äUse of the army to protect against counterrevolutionary elements äControl of the economy FMore control to local managers FSmall private sector FForeign investment and technology FEducation FAgricultural reform FInflation controlled and increased consumer goods XAre Marxism and Affluence Compatible in Communist China? äWeakness of the 1950s policies äPost-Maoism shift away from revolutionary utopianism äDress, religion, social change, socialist realism, literature, and äart