1. The Soviet Union Declines

2. Decline of Soviet Union
A. The command economy stagnates
1. Took resources from Germany
a. Poured resources into Sputnik I , the first artificial satellite in 1957.
b. Agriculture remained unproductive
C. Could not match the west in consumer goods.
D. Central planning was wasteful and inefficient
E. Could not keep up with U.S. in arms race

4. 2. Soviet Union in Afghanistan
A. Soviet backed government tried reforms, such as land redistribution
B. Warlords took up arms against the government, the Soviets moved in with troops
C. Battling the mujahedin (Muslim warriors) was too difficult, resulted in heavy casualties and few successes.

5. 3. Gorbachev tries reform
A Gorbachev became new Soviet president.
B. Called for glasnost (openness). Ended censorship
C. Urged perestroika, restructuring
of government and economy.
D. Allowed Limited private
enterprise

6. 4. An empire crumbles A. shortages grew and prices soared
B. high unemployment resulted
C. Reforms fed unrest across East Europe
D. Countries regained independence starting in 1989.
E the remaining
Soviet republics separated.
The Soviet Union
ceased to exist

8. Poland embraces Solidarity
A. The Solidarity – was a labor union established in 1980 in Poland led by Lech Waleesa
B. Had millions of members and demanded political and economic changes.
C. Union was outlawed,
Waleesa arrested
D. Unrest continued
and Waleesa became
a national hero.

9. E. In 1989, Poland legalized Solidarity and held free elections.
F. Waleesa elected president in 1990.
G. Transitioned from a command economy to a market economy.

10. Changes Transform Eastern Europe
Many Eastern Europeans opposed Communist rule
In the 1980s demands for change mounted

11. Hungary quietly reformed
1970s expanded its market
Growing criticism of communist government
allowed greater freedoms, new p[olitical parties formed

12. East Germans demand change
Communist government banned Soviet publications in 1988 (glasnost reforms)
Blocked market economy or political freedoms
East Germans saw how West Germans lived through television and demanded change.

13. Reform movements spread across Eastern Europe – 1989
People took to the streets demanding change
One by one, communist governments fell.
Czechoslovakia elected a new president
Berlin wall was opened-east and west Germany reunified
Romania’s dictator was overthrown and executed
Warsaw Pact was dissolved in 1991
Soviet Union dissolved in 1991
1992-Czechoslovakia split into Czech Republic and Slovakia