1. Psychology Semester 1 Final Review

2. Two research methods widely used by psychologists are a. precognition and the Ganzfeld procedure. b. surveys and experiments. c. water-float tests and lie-detector tests. d. introspection and reinforcement.

3. Many scientists do not believe in extrasensory perception, or ESP, because a. ESP researcher Joseph Banks Rhine failed to find examples of clairvoyance. b. experiments in ESP often do not yield the same results twice. c. the Ganzfeld procedure was not tested in a laboratory. d. of all of the above.

4. The majority of psychologists are a. clinical psychologists. b. counseling psychologists. c. school psychologists. d. developmental psychologists.

5. Social psychologists differ from personality psychologists in their focus on a. external rather than internal influences. b. behavior rather than cognitive activity. c. heredity rather than environmental causes for behavior. d. all of the above.

6. Course planning and instructional methods for school districts are usually handled by a. school psychologists. b. developmental psychologists. c. personality psychologists. d. educational psychologists.

7. Modern psychology was born in the a. 4th century B.C., with the Greek philosophers. b. 1800s, after the birth of modern science. c. 1900s, with the founding of psychoanalysis. d. Middle Ages, with tests to determine if a person was possessed.

8. In its early days, the school of psychoanalysis stressed that behavior was caused by a. heredity rather than environment. b. environment rather than heredity. c. unconscious motives and conflicts. d. conscious choice and self-direction.

9. The school of behaviorism defined psychology as a. the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. b. the biological study of the brain and its behavior. c. the sociological study of group behavior. d. the scientific study of observable behavior.

10. The modern biological perspective of psychology studies a. only the behavior of animals. b. the effects of biological factors on our behavior. c. the effects of the environment on human behavior. d. the impact people have had on their environment.

11. Human consciousness, experience, and self- awareness are the main concerns of a. the school of behaviorism. b. Freudian psychoanalysis. c. the humanistic perspective. d. the school of functionalism.

12. One method that helps researchers gather information from many people is a. a case study. b. a survey. c. a replication. d. a correlation.

13. The case-study method of observation was practiced by a. B.F. Skinner. b. Wilhelm Wundt. c. Sigmund Freud. d. John B. Watson.

14. The cross-sectional method charts changes over time by a. observing one group of participants over a certain period of time. b. surveying people who are the same age about their personal histories. c. manipulating the independent variable. d. comparing participants from different age groups.

15. "Skinner boxes" are examples of a. naturalistic observation. b. laboratory observation. c. stratified samples. d. random samples.

16. In an experiment, it is useful to have a control group to a. help minimize the effects of volunteer bias. b. ensure that the target population is represented. c. complete a stratified sample. d. show the effect of the treatment and no other factors.

17. A placebo is often as effective as taking a medication because a. it is given under laboratory conditions. b. neither the researcher nor the participant knows about it. c. a person's expectations affect the results of a treatment. d. it has a negative correlation with health.

18. A double-blind study is sometimes needed because researchers a. may have expectations that affect their observations. b. cannot control every variable outside a laboratory. c. may not have time for a longitudinal study. d. are bound by a code of ethics.

19. Psychologists keep the records of their research participants confidential to a. encourage participants to tell the truth. b. make double-blind studies more effective. c. make single-blind studies more effective. d. avoid the placebo effect.

20. Synapses are located between a. the forebrain and the midbrain. b. the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus. c. the hemispheres of the cerebral cortex. d. the axons of one neuron and the dendrites of another.

21. The main function of the peripheral nervous system is to a. relay messages between the brain's right and left hemispheres. b. transmit information from the central nervous system to other parts of the body. c. speed up respiration and heart rate to increase alertness. d. produce growth hormones.

22. Researchers learn about the brain by studying a. images of the brain created by computers. b. people with head injuries. c. the effects of electrical stimulation on the brain. d. all of the above.

23. The basic building blocks of the nervous system are a. neurons. b. medullas. c. pons. d. glands.

24. Acetylcholine and dopamine, which help control movement, are examples of a. axons. b. neurotransmitters. c. glands. d. chromosomes.

25. The "fight-or-flight" response to a stressful event is activated by the a. thyroid gland. b. hypothalamus. c. sympathetic nervous system. d. parasympathetic nervous system.

26. When you touch a hot object with your right hand, that information is sent to the a. limbic system. b. pituitary gland. c. right hemisphere of the brain. d. left hemisphere of the brain.

27. For most people, the ability to create language originates in the a. hypothalamus. b. thalamus. c. right hemisphere. d. left hemisphere.

28. Damage to Broca's area and Wernicke's area of the brain can cause a. short-term memory loss. b. loss of hearing. c. difficulties in producing and understanding speech. d. all of the above.

29. Electroencephalograms have been used by researchers to a. diagnose certain kinds of psychological disorders. b. identify specific areas of the brain that are associated with certain sensations. c. generate a three-dimensional image of the brain. d. do all of the above.

30. The pituitary gland is known as the "master gland" because it a. is the largest gland. b. secretes many hormones that affect a wide range of behaviors. c. controls which information travels between the brain's hemispheres. d. does all of the above.

31. Researchers have discovered that certain psychological disorders can be inherited, including a. alcoholism. b. schizophrenia. c. anxiety and depression. d. all of the above.

32. Sharpness of vision is known as a. retinal disparity. b. retinal convergence. c. visual continuity. d. visual acuity.

33. The gateway from the outer ear to the middle ear is the a. stirrup. b. eardrum. c. cochlea. d. auditory nerve.

34. Conductive deafness occurs because of damage to the a. inner ear. b. middle ear. c. cochlea. d. auditory nerve.

35. Sensorineural deafness prevents people from hearing a. very quiet sounds. b. anything but the loudest sounds. c. sounds of certain frequencies. d. any sounds at all.

36. Smell and taste are known as the a. skin senses. b. photoreceptor senses. c. vestibular senses. d. chemical senses.

37. The sense of taste can be disrupted by a. loss of the sense of smell. b. damage to the taste buds' receptor neurons. c. damage to hearing or sight. d. all of the above.

38. Aspirin and ibuprofen lessen the sensation of pain by a. blocking the production of prostaglandins. b. numbing sensory neurons around the roots of hair cells. c. transmitting competing sensations to the cerebral cortex. d. all of the above methods.

39. Rubbing a sore area may lessen the pain because a. this numbs the skin's sensory neurons. b. it causes more prostaglandins to flood the brain. c. the nervous system can only handle a certain amount of information at one time. d. of all of the above.

40. A person's vestibular sense helps control a. depth perception. b. the perception of pain. c. the process of eyes adjusting to a darkened room. d. balance.

41. Convergence is an example of a. shape constancy. b. brightness constancy. c. a binocular cue. d. a monocular cue.

42. Psychologist who studied the effect of segregation on children A. John B. Watson B. Gestalt psychology C. sociocultural perspective D. behavior E. Socrates F. cognitive activity G. Wilhelm Wundt H. Kenneth B. Clark I. William James J. structuralism

43. Mental process, such as a dream or memory A. John B. Watson B. Gestalt psychology C. sociocultural perspective D. behavior E. Socrates F. cognitive activity G. Wilhelm Wundt H. Kenneth B. Clark I. William James J. structuralism

44. School of psychology that looks at the basic elements of conscious experience A. John B. Watson B. Gestalt psychology C. sociocultural perspective D. behavior E. Socrates F. cognitive activity G. Wilhelm Wundt H. Kenneth B. Clark I. William James J. structuralism

45. Contemporary psychological approach that emphasizes study of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status A. John B. Watson B. Gestalt psychology C. sociocultural perspective D. behavior E. Socrates F. cognitive activity G. Wilhelm Wundt H. Kenneth B. Clark I. William James J. structuralism

46. Founder of the school of behaviorism A. John B. Watson B. Gestalt psychology C. sociocultural perspective D. behavior E. Socrates F. cognitive activity G. Wilhelm Wundt H. Kenneth B. Clark I. William James J. structuralism

47. Philosopher who stressed the importance of introspection A. John B. Watson B. Gestalt psychology C. sociocultural perspective D. behavior E. Socrates F. cognitive activity G. Wilhelm Wundt H. Kenneth B. Clark I. William James J. structuralism

48. Founded structuralism A. John B. Watson B. Gestalt psychology C. sociocultural perspective D. behavior E. Socrates F. cognitive activity G. Wilhelm Wundt H. Kenneth B. Clark I. William James J. structuralism

49. School of psychology that describes experience as a whole rather than broken down into parts A. John B. Watson B. Gestalt psychology C. sociocultural perspective D. behavior E. Socrates F. cognitive activity G. Wilhelm Wundt H. Kenneth B. Clark I. William James J. structuralism

50. Action that can be observed or measured A. John B. Watson B. Gestalt psychology C. sociocultural perspective D. behavior E. Socrates F. cognitive activity G. Wilhelm Wundt H. Kenneth B. Clark I. William James J. structuralism

51. Wrote the first modern psychology textbook A. John B. Watson B. Gestalt psychology C. sociocultural perspective D. behavior E. Socrates F. cognitive activity G. Wilhelm Wundt H. Kenneth B. Clark I. William James J. structuralism

52. Factor in an experiment that researchers manipulate so that they can determine its effect A. control group B. placebo C. single-blind study D. correlation E. target population F. stratified sample G. case study H. independent variable I. hypothesis J. longitudinal method

53. Measure of how closely one thing is related to another A. control group B. placebo C. single-blind study D. correlation E. target population F. stratified sample G. case study H. independent variable I. hypothesis J. longitudinal method

54. Sample in which subgroups of a population are represented proportionally A. control group B. placebo C. single-blind study D. correlation E. target population F. stratified sample G. case study H. independent variable I. hypothesis J. longitudinal method

55. Educated guess A. control group B. placebo C. single-blind study D. correlation E. target population F. stratified sample G. case study H. independent variable I. hypothesis J. longitudinal method

56. Research method in which participants are observed over a long period of time A. control group B. placebo C. single-blind study D. correlation E. target population F. stratified sample G. case study H. independent variable I. hypothesis J. longitudinal method

57. Whole group that is the subject of a study A. control group B. placebo C. single-blind study D. correlation E. target population F. stratified sample G. case study H. independent variable I. hypothesis J. longitudinal method

58. Group in an experiment that does not receive treatment A. control group B. placebo C. single-blind study D. correlation E. target population F. stratified sample G. case study H. independent variable I. hypothesis J. longitudinal method

59. Study in which participants do not know whether they are receiving the treatment or not A. control group B. placebo C. single-blind study D. correlation E. target population F. stratified sample G. case study H. independent variable I. hypothesis J. longitudinal method

60. In-depth investigation of an individual or small group A. control group B. placebo C. single-blind study D. correlation E. target population F. stratified sample G. case study H. independent variable I. hypothesis J. longitudinal method

61. Substance or treatment that has no effect apart from a person's belief in it A. control group B. placebo C. single-blind study D. correlation E. target population F. stratified sample G. case study H. independent variable I. hypothesis J. longitudinal method

62. Part of the hindbrain that helps control balance and coordination A. somatic nervous system B. association area C. dendrite D. neuron E. endocrine system F. myelin G. cerebellum H. autonomic nervous system I. thalamus J. neurotransmitter

63. Nerve cell A. somatic nervous system B. association area C. dendrite D. neuron E. endocrine system F. myelin G. cerebellum H. autonomic nervous system I. thalamus J. neurotransmitter

64. Part of the cerebral cortex that governs thought and language A. somatic nervous system B. association area C. dendrite D. neuron E. endocrine system F. myelin G. cerebellum H. autonomic nervous system I. thalamus J. neurotransmitter

65. Part of the peripheral nervous system that transmits sensory messages A. somatic nervous system B. association area C. dendrite D. neuron E. endocrine system F. myelin G. cerebellum H. autonomic nervous system I. thalamus J. neurotransmitter

66. System that consists of glands that secrete hormones A. somatic nervous system B. association area C. dendrite D. neuron E. endocrine system F. myelin G. cerebellum H. autonomic nervous system I. thalamus J. neurotransmitter

67. Fatty substance that protects the axon A. somatic nervous system B. association area C. dendrite D. neuron E. endocrine system F. myelin G. cerebellum H. autonomic nervous system I. thalamus J. neurotransmitter

68. Thin fibers that transmit messages to the neuron's cell body A. somatic nervous system B. association area C. dendrite D. neuron E. endocrine system F. myelin G. cerebellum H. autonomic nervous system I. thalamus J. neurotransmitter

69. Chemical used to send messages across synapses A. somatic nervous system B. association area C. dendrite D. neuron E. endocrine system F. myelin G. cerebellum H. autonomic nervous system I. thalamus J. neurotransmitter

70. Part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates the body's vital functions A. somatic nervous system B. association area C. dendrite D. neuron E. endocrine system F. myelin G. cerebellum H. autonomic nervous system I. thalamus J. neurotransmitter

71. Part of the forebrain that serves as a relay station for sensory stimulation A. somatic nervous system B. association area C. dendrite D. neuron E. endocrine system F. myelin G. cerebellum H. autonomic nervous system I. thalamus J. neurotransmitter

72. Opening in the colored part of the eye A. difference threshold B. stroboscopic motion C. continuity D. photoreceptor E. absolute threshold F. pupil G. closure H. cochlea I. olfactory nerve J. retina

73. Bony tube in the inner ear that contains fluid and neurons A. difference threshold B. stroboscopic motion C. continuity D. photoreceptor E. absolute threshold F. pupil G. closure H. cochlea I. olfactory nerve J. retina

74. Illusion of movement produced by a rapid progression of images A. difference threshold B. stroboscopic motion C. continuity D. photoreceptor E. absolute threshold F. pupil G. closure H. cochlea I. olfactory nerve J. retina

75. Sensitive surface of the eye that acts like the film in a camera A. difference threshold B. stroboscopic motion C. continuity D. photoreceptor E. absolute threshold F. pupil G. closure H. cochlea I. olfactory nerve J. retina

76. Nerve that sends information about odors to the brain A. difference threshold B. stroboscopic motion C. continuity D. photoreceptor E. absolute threshold F. pupil G. closure H. cochlea I. olfactory nerve J. retina

77. Minimum amount of difference that can be detected between two stimuli A. difference threshold B. stroboscopic motion C. continuity D. photoreceptor E. absolute threshold F. pupil G. closure H. cochlea I. olfactory nerve J. retina

78. Neuron that is sensitive to light A. difference threshold B. stroboscopic motion C. continuity D. photoreceptor E. absolute threshold F. pupil G. closure H. cochlea I. olfactory nerve J. retina

79. Perceptual preference for seeing smooth, continuous patterns A. difference threshold B. stroboscopic motion C. continuity D. photoreceptor E. absolute threshold F. pupil G. closure H. cochlea I. olfactory nerve J. retina

80. Weakest amount of a stimulus that can be sensed A. difference threshold B. stroboscopic motion C. continuity D. photoreceptor E. absolute threshold F. pupil G. closure H. cochlea I. olfactory nerve J. retina

81. Tendency to perceive a whole figure even when there are gaps in sensory input A. difference threshold B. stroboscopic motion C. continuity D. photoreceptor E. absolute threshold F. pupil G. closure H. cochlea I. olfactory nerve J. retina

82. _____________ psychologists typically treat people with adjustment problems, rather than those with serious psychological disorders. A. Aristotle B.Counseling C.Basic research D.Negative correlation E.Learning

83. Research that has no immediate application is known as _______ ___________. A. Aristotle B.Counseling C.Basic research D.Negative correlation E.Learning

84. The Greek philosopher _______________ wrote Peri Psyches, one of the first books about psychology. A. Aristotle B.Counseling C.Basic research D.Negative correlation E.Learning

85. The ______________ perspective argues that people can learn by experience and by observing others. A. Aristotle B.Counseling C.Basic research D.Negative correlation E.Learning

86. Stress and health are thought to have a(n) _________ ____________ since stress goes up as health deteriorates, or goes down. A. Aristotle B.Counseling C.Basic research D.Negative correlation E.Learning

87. In an experiment, the __________ __________ is the factor that varies when the independent variable is changed. A.Dependent variable B.Sample C.Cross-sectional D.Controlled E.46;23

88. The _______________ method takes much less time than the longitudinal method, but can accomplish many of the same objectives. A.Dependent variable B.Sample C.Cross-sectional D.Controlled E.46;23

89. Since it is usually impossible to interview every member of a population that is being studied, psychologists scientifically select a _______ of the population. A.Dependent variable B.Sample C.Cross-sectional D.Controlled E.46;23

90. A(n) ___________ experiment uses both control and experimental groups. A.Dependent variable B.Sample C.Cross-sectional D.Controlled E.46;23

91. Most normal human cells contain _______ chromosomes that are organized into ______ pairs. A.Dependent variable B.Sample C.Cross-sectional D.Controlled E.46;23

92. The electroencephalogram (EEG) measures the brain's ________________ activity. A.Kinship B.Electrical C.X-ray D.Medulla E.Thyroid

93. ___________ studies evaluate people who are related to try to determine the roles of heredity and environment. A.Kinship B.Electrical C.X-ray D.Medulla E.Thyroid

94. The ________________ is the part of the hindbrain that helps control such vital functions as heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing. A.Kinship B.Electrical C.X-ray D.Medulla E.Thyroid

95. A computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan uses _________ beams to create a three- dimensional view of the brain. A.Kinship B.Electrical C.X-ray D.Medulla E.Thyroid

96. Hormones that affect the body's metabolism are secreted by the ____________ gland. A.Kinship B.Electrical C.X-ray D.Medulla E.Thyroid

97. The autonomic nervous system is divided into the _____________ and ________________ nervous systems. A.Electromagnetic B.Central; peripheral C.Sympathetic; parasympathetic D.Skin E.Color blind

98. The two parts of the nervous system are the ____________ nervous system and the ______________ nervous system. A.Electromagnetic B.Central; peripheral C.Sympathetic; parasympathetic D.Skin E.Color blind

99. A person who cannot perceive some colors is partially ____________ ___________. A.Electromagnetic B.Central; peripheral C.Sympathetic; parasympathetic D.Skin E.Color blind

100. Light is made up of ___________________ energy. A.Electromagnetic B.Central; peripheral C.Sympathetic; parasympathetic D.Skin E.Color blind

101. Pressure, temperature, and pain are examples of ___________________ senses. A.Electromagnetic B.Central; peripheral C.Sympathetic; parasympathetic D.Skin E.Color blind