1. Rob Palkovitz, Ph.D. Human Development and Family Studies University of Delaware

2. Clear understandings Good fathering is good for children’s wellbeing and development Connection/attachment/bond /warmth associated with children’s self-worth, self-confidence, and emotional wellbeing (fewer internalizing problems) Positive involvement in care associated with developmental competencies in cognitive and social realms, better outcomes in regard to education, substance use, delayed sexual activity and outcomes, behavioral problems (fewer externalizing problems) Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community2

3. Clear Understandings Fathering changes men’s development as well Not just how spend time and money True developmental change Relatively permanent Functionally significant Qualitatively different Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community3

4. How do we know? No experimental data to assure causality Own experience and reflections Observations of friends & acquaintances Qualitative research studies Quantitative data sets Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community4

5. Non-experimental ways to establish causality Temporal precedence Longitudinal confirmations Risk and resilience in Fragile Families Fathers Covariation of cause and effect Different patterns of involvement associated with different patterns of men’s adult development No other plausible explanations Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community5

6. There are many other plausible explanations Fathering embedded in complex array of life factors Maturity/Settling down (age norms) Spouse/partner effects Educational attainment Religious conversion Other roles and responsibilities Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community6

7. From Men’s Perspectives: Qualitative work with diverse dads Independent of education, age, SES, race, marital status or any other factor, each participant saw fatherhood as being a MAJOR shaper of their development The majority of men saw fathering as being the PRIMARY shaper of their lives Every man stated that though costs and benefits, that benefits far outweigh the costs Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community7

8. Developmentally speaking... Greater differentiation of roles and abilities Greater integration of roles and abilities Differentiation + Integration = Development Work on things that were “good enough” for self/partner, but not good enough for their kids (developmental “pull”) Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community8

9. The Bottom Line: Cost/Benefits Analyses It’s active engagement in the role that matters Engaged fathering creates “better people” Wouldn’t have made changes without engagement in fathering roles Investments/commitments to kids, self, spouse/partner & community benefit everyone Good fathering is good for everyone Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community 9

10. Costs (investments?) may include: Decreased couple-centered time Deferred education Sacrifice Derailed dreams Changes in life course, plans, goals Loss of free time, autonomy Different allocation of resources- time, money, energy, worries Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community10

11. Not all fathers will reap the same pattern or degree of developmental benefit from involved fathering Review of some perceived developmental differences in fathers: Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community11

12. Common Benefits or “gains” Satisfaction of watching children grow, develop and accomplish things (pride) Getting love in return- “new best friend” Kids contribute to fathers’ personal growth sense that a better person Passing on a family name, line, heritage Fun Kids give life meaning A reason to grind at the grindstone Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community12

13. Further Perceived Gains Continued learning Emotional regulation & expression Community involvement Enhanced social networks (but trade-offs) Broader Shallower Briefer More conscious of health Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community13

14. Perceived gains More understanding of own parents Greater engagement with siblings More connection to own childhood Values clarification regarding morals and faith Less selfish/more giving Greater sense of responsibility and maturity (rising to occasion) Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community14

15. Patterns of perceived development across bio-psycho-social-spiritual domains: Self Cognitions Emotions Faith, Morals, Values Health Social Marriage/partner Extended family Friendships Community involvement Work Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community15

16. Processes of change Dynamic relationship embedded in complex and changing array of other changing relationships Intergenerational relationships characterized by discrepant resources, roles, responsibilities Different patterns of mutual benefit than peer relationships Effective ways to key on father involvement: Lessons from prenatal teratology… Timing Dose Duration Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community16

17. Potential Developmental Outcomes of Involved Fathering Depend on patterns and levels of involvement (timing, dose and durations) Considerable variation both within and across dads (diversity of fathering and reaction ranges) Many different patterns possible (equifinality, multifinality, reaction ranges and systems thinking) Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community17

18. Timing effects Well represented in life course research Different patterns of developmental outcomes for men making transition to fatherhood at different times Both quantitative and qualitative results to document On-time Off-time Early Late Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community18

19. Dose effects Father involvement literature Levels of involvement Builds case for positive father involvement having child outcome effects Growing evidence that FI influences fathers’ development Involvement is distributed across children Total involvement profiles may predict dose effects Developmental implications of behavioral, affective and emotional components of involvement Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community19

20. Many possible relationships: Data? Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community20

21. Other possible relationships Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community21

22. More possibilities Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community22

23. The likely reality Different realms, different outcome effects Quantification not currently available at this level of specificity Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community23

24. Duration effects Interact with timing and dose Time invested in different involvement patterns Cumulative fathering (by next year over 100 years of fathering experience!) Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community24

25. Non-exhaustive and non-exclusive process components Generativity Identity The Pie- centrality Life meaning Attachment Goodness of fit Roles Generational stake Enjoyment Love Fun Pride Intergenerational synchrony Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community25

26. Manifestations at the margins Men in challenging circumstances more involved than previously acknowledged Importance of father identity in effecting stability and positive change Efforts invested Loss experienced or averted Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community26

27. Things that ALWAYS matter Affective climate : Connection. Attachment. Trust. Warmth. Being there. Security. Protection. Provision (broadly defined). Involvement. Behavioral style : Actively engaged. Maintaining safety. Moderate control. Developmentally facilitative interactions. Modeling. Relational style. Answering questions. Monitoring. Relational synchrony : Developmentally appropriate and sensitive. Scaffolding. Tuned in to signals. Teaching. Capitalizing on emerging interests and abilities. Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community27

28. As fathers actively engage in improving the quality of these three components, they develop competencies that they didn’t have before The new capabilities are transferrable to other contexts Relationships Work (multitasking VP candidates!) Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community28

29. Implications for research More precise quantitative data needed, especially longitudinal data linking men’s patterns of development with valid measures of changes in their adult development Most of emphasis in existing data sets on child outcomes Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community29

30. Toward a balanced approach: Applied take-home message Development is a very long and very complicated story consisting of many interacting factors Deterministic vs. probabilistic thinking Father-child relationships ONE (very important) factor in a diverse and complex array of interacting factors. If we can facilitate positive father involvement it will most likely have a positive effect for children, families and communities… and for fathers themselves Early family based interventions matter Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community30

31. Thank YOU for your commitment to father involvement research and family-based practice! Keep up the good work! Questions and comments? Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community31

32. Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community32

33. Developmental reality check If all of this variability is “real” and “expected” in the “HARD SCIENCES” (prenatal teratology) then why do we expect a particular set of developmental outcomes from a specific pattern of father involvement? Father involvement effects would be timing dose and duration dependent as well- and embedded in a complex array of other contexts of development. Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community33

34. Equifinality (or Equipotential) as a GENERAL PRINCIPLE EQUIFINALITY- different environmental conditions can lead to the same developmental end state 34Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community

35. Equifinality Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community35

36. Multifinality (Multipotentiality) as a GENERAL PRINCIPLE: MULTIFINALITY: same set of conditions can lead to different developmental outcomes 36Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community

37. Multifinality Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community37

38. Reaction ranges There is an interaction of the timing, dose, and duration of the exposure, and different fathers have different genetic predispositions towards risk and resilience, and to effects of involved fathering… that is to say, different reaction ranges One source of individual differences in development. Essentially, some fathers are profoundly affected by their involvement with their children, while others are less so Father Involvement Research 2008: Diversity, Visibility, Community38

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