1. Liberty School- American History 11th Ms. Stephanie Custodio
The Thirteen Colonies
Liberty School- American History 11th
Ms. Stephanie Custodio

2. The 13 colonies are divided into:
The New England Colonies
The Middle Colonies
The Southern Colonies

3. The New England Colonies
New England is a region in the northeastern corner of the U.S.A., consisting of:
1.- New Hampshire
2.- Massachusetts
3.- Rhode Island
4.- Connecticut

4. The New England Colonies: Introduction
Pilgrims form England settled in New England in 1620, to form Plymouth Colony.
Ten years later, the Puritans settled north of Plymouth in Boston, forming Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Over the next 130 years,
New England fought in
four French and Indian
Wars, until the British
defeated the French
and their native allies.

5. The New England Colonies: Massachusetts
Puritans: A religious group that wanted to reform the Church of England, different from the Pilgrims, who wanted to separate entirely from the Church.
They were a powerful group in England: they were well-educated, merchants, landowners.

6. The New England Colonies: Massachusetts
Reasons for leaving England:
King Charles I disliked their religious ideas: he took away many Puritan businesses, expelled Puritans from universities, a few were even jailed.
Some Puritan leaders decided that England had fallen into “evil and declining times”.
Economic reasons: looking for land and new businesses.
In 1629, they convinced royal officials to grant the a charter to form the Massachusetts Bay Company, with the plan to build a new society in New England, based on the laws of God as they appeared in the Bible.

7. The New England Colonies: Massachusetts
John Winthrop and other colonists arrived in He was chosen as the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
He set an example: he worked as hard as anyone to build a home, clear land, and plant crops.
He tried to govern according to its charter: only stockholders who had invested money had the right to vote. The rest resented taxes and laws passed by the government in which they had no say.

8. The New England Colonies: Massachusetts
Puritans were determined to keep non-Puritans out of government, so they granted the right to vote for governor to all men who were Church members.
Later, Church members elected representatives to an assembly called the General Court.
The Great Migration: Between 1629 and 1640, more than 20,000 men, women, and children journeyed from England to Massachusetts.
Boston became the colony’s largest town.

9. The New England Colonies: Connecticut
In May 1636, Thomas Hooker and a group of settlers left Massachusetts Bay, settled a long the Connecticut River, and built a town called Hartford.
He left Massachusetts Bay because he believed the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony with laws that set strict limits to government.
The settlers wrote the
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut:
It gave the vote to all men who
were property owners, including the ones
that were not members of the Church.
It limited the governor’s power.
Connecticut became a separate colony in 1662, with a new charter granted by the king of England.

10. The New England Colonies: Rhode Island
Roger Williams believed strongly that the Puritan Church had too much power in Massachusetts.
He believed that the business of the church and state should be completely separate.
Concern with political affairs would corrupt the church.
The role of the state was to maintain order and peace and should not support a particular church.
The Puritan leaders didn’t have the right to force people to attend religious services.
He believed in religious toleration.

11. The New England Colonies: Rhode Island
The Massachusetts General Court ordered Williams to leave the colony in 1635.
He escaped to Narragansett Bay, spending the winter with Indians, fearing he would be sent back to England.
In the spring, the Indians sold him land, becoming the colony of Rhode Island.
He allowed complete freedom of religion to Jews, Protestants, and Catholics.
He didn’t set up a state church, or require settlers to attend church services.
He gave all white men the right to vote.

12. The New England Colonies: Anne Hutchinson
Anne Hutchinson was a devout Puritan
who attended church services regularly in
Boston.
After church, she and her friends
gathered at her home to discuss the
minister’s sermon, and often she
questioned some of the minister’s
teachings. She was very persuasive,
neighbors flocked to her hear.
Puritan leaders grew angry, they believed her opinions were full of religious errors and that a woman didn’t have the right to explain God’s law. She was ordered to appear before the Massachusetts General Court in November 1637.

13. The New England Colonies: Anne Hutchinson
At her trial, Hurchinson answered the questions from Winthrop and other court members, and her answers revealed weaknesses in their arguments: they couldn’t prove she had broken Puritan laws or disobeyed religious teachings.
Hutchinson made a serious mistake: she told the court that God had spoken directly to her “by the voice of His own spirit to my soul”. Puritans believed that God spoke only through the Bible, not directly to individuals.
-The Court ordered her out of the colony.
-Hutchinson, her family, and some friends went to Rhode Island.
-She became an important symnbol for religious freedom.

14. The New England Colonies: Relations with Native Americans
Some settlers built trading and fishing villages along the coast north of Boston, establishing the colony of New Hampshire.
Settlers toke over lands used by Native Americans. Fighting often broke our between settlers and Indians.
Largest conflict came in 1675 when the Wampanoag Indians and other Indian groups that allied to them, attacked colonial villages throughout New England.
Fighting lasted 15 months. At the end, Metacom, the Wampanoag’s chief, was captured and killed.
The English sold his family and other Indians into slavery in the West Indies.

15. The New England Colonies: Lifestyle
New England’s Rocky soil was poor for farming.
They learned to grow Native American crops: corn, bean, squash, pumpkins.
They hunted wild turkey, deer, hogs.
They collected the sweet sap from the maple trees.
They built ships from cut down
trees.
They fished for cod, halibut,
shellfish, oysters, lobsters,
whales (for oil and ivory)

16. The New England Colonies: Lifestyle
Villages:
At the center was the common: an open field where cattle grazed.
The meeting house: where Puritans worshipped and held town meetings.
Houses: made of wood, steep roofs.
Customs:
Sabbath- holy day of rest.
Sundays: no one was allowed to play games, visit taverns to joke, talk, and drink. Law required all citizens to attend church services.
In town meetings they discussed what roads should be built, fences to repair, schoolmaster’s pay, etc.
Witchcraft was punished by death.
Average family had 7 or 8 children.

17. The Middle Colonies 1.-New York
The middle colonies comprised the middle region of the Thirteen Colonies of the British Empire in North America.
1.-New York
2.-Pennsylvania
3.-New Jersey
4.-Delaware

18. The Middle Colonies
Much of the area was part of the NEW NETHERLAND until the British exerted control over the region.
The British captured much of the area in its war with the Dutch around 1664, and the majority of the conquered land became the Province of New York.
The Middle Colonies had rich soil, allowing the area to become a major exporter of wheat and other grains.

19. The Middle Colonies: New York
Patroons: owners of large parcels of lands, or manors.
Dutch officials granted the land to patroons. In return, they promised to settle at least 50 European farm families on the land.
Patroons had great power, they charged whatever rents they pleased, few farmers wanted to work with them.

20. The Middle Colonies: New York
Many people came to the colony attracted by religious tolerance, although most were Protestants, who belonged to the Dutch Reformed Church.
They allowed people from other religions (Catholics, French Protestants, and Jews) to buy land.
The rivalry between England and the Netherlands for trade and colonies led to war in Europe in 1664.
King Charles II of England entered New Amsterdam’s harbor, took over the city, and gave it to his brother, the Duke of York.
The king renamed the colony New York.

21. The Middle Colonies: New Jersey
The Duke of York realized New York was too big to govern. He gave some of the land to his friends Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, and set up a proprietary colony: New Jersey.
Proprietary colony: the king gave land to one or more people, called proprietors, which were free to divide the land and rent it to others.
They made laws for the colony but had to respect the rights of colonists under English law.

22. The Middle Colonies: New Jersey
New Jersey attracted people from many lands: English Puritans, French Protestants, Scots, Irish, Swedes, Dutch, and Finns.
In 1702, it became a royal colony under the control of the English crown.
The colony’s charter protected religious freedom and the rights of an assembly that voted on local matters.

23. The Middle Colonies: Pennsylvania
William Penn founded the colony of Pennsylvania.
He came from a wealthy family, he was a personal
friend of King Charles II.
At age 22 he shocked his family and friends by joining the Quakers.
Quaker beliefs:
Were Protestant reformers.
They believed that all people (men, women, nobles, and commoners) were equal in God’s sight.
They refused to bow or remove their hats in the presence of lords and ladies.
They spoke out against war and refused to serve in the army.
In England, Quakers were arrested, fined, and even hanged for their beliefs.

24. The Middle Colonies: Pennsylvania
Penn became convinced that Quakers should leave England, and turned for help to King Charles.
The king made Penn the proprietor of a large tract of land in North America, and named the new colony Pennsylvania (Penn’s woodlands).
Penn thought of his colony as a “holy experiment”:
He wanted it to be a model of religious freedom, peace, and Christian living.
Protestants, Catholics, and Jews went to Pennsylvania to escape persecution, but later, English officials forced Penn to turn them away.

25. The Middle Colonies: Pennsylvania
Penn spoke out for fair treatment of Native Americans.
He believed that the land belonged to the Indians and that settlers should pay for the land.
Native Americans respected Penn’s policy.
As a result, Pennsylvania enjoyed many years of peace with their Indian neighbors.
Penn sent pamphlet to Europe, describing his colony.
New settlers from: England, Scotland, Wales, Netherlands, France, Germany. German-speaking Protestants were later known as Pennsylvania Dutch.
Philadelphia was the colony’s capital, along the Delaware River.

26. The Middle Colonies: Delaware
Pennsylvania included some lands along the lower Delaware River, known as Pennsylvania’s Lower Counties.
Settlers in the Lower Counties didn’t want to send its delegates to a far-away assembly in Philadelphia.
In 1701, Penn allowed them to elect their own assembly.
Later, the Lower Counties broke away to form the colony of Delaware.

27. The Middle Colonies: Lifestyle
The Hudson and Delaware River Valleys were rich and fertile.
Winters were milder than in New England, the growing season lasted longer.
Cash crops: crops sold for money on the world market- wheat, barley, and rye.
The Middle Colonies became known as the Breadbasket colonies for exporting so much grain.
Farmers also raised herds of cattle and pigs.
They sent tons of beef, pork, and
butter to New England, South or West
Indies, England, and other parts
of Europe.
The colony became a center of
manufacturing and crafts: hardware,
clocks, watches, locks, guns, flints,
glass, stoneware, nails, paper, etc.

28. The Middle Colonies: Lifestyle
Home improvements:
Swedish introduced long cabins to America.
The Dutch used red bricks to build narrow, high-walled houses.
Germans developed a wood-burning stove that heated a home better than a fireplace.
Backcountry: area of land along the eastern slopes of the Appalachian Mountains.
German and Sctoch-Irish settlers arrived and settled in these area, following an old Iroquois trail known as the Great Wagon Road.
They had to clear thick forests to farm the backcountry.
Settlers learned from the Indians:
How to use knots from pine trees as
candles to light their homes.
Wooden dishes from logs.
Gathered honey from hollows in trees.
Hunted wild animals for food.

29. The Southern Colonies 1.-South Carolina
The Southern Colonies were established during the 16th and 17th centuries and consisted of:
1.-South Carolina
2.-North Carolina
3.-Maryland
4.-Virginia
5.-Georgia

30. The Southern Colonies
Over time, the region quickly became well known for its high slave population and highly stratified class distribution.
The Mason-Dixon Line was the boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland, and between the Middle and Southern colonies.

31. The Southern Colonies: Maryland
In 1632, Sir George Calvert convinced King Charles I to grant him land for a colony in the Americas.
He planned to build a colony, Maryland, where Catholics could practice their religion freely.
When he died, his son Cecil, Lord Baltimore, pushed on with the project, becoming the proprietor of the colony.

32. The Southern Colonies: Maryland
In the spring of 1664, 200 colonists landed along the upper Chesapeake Bay, across from the southern colony of Virginia.
Chesapeake Bay was full of fish, oysters, and crabs.
Virginians were already growing tobacco for profit, Maryland settlers hoped to do the same.
First town built: St. Mary’s
He appointed a governor
and a council of advisors.
He created an elected
assembly, giving colonists a
role in the government.

33. The Southern Colonies: Maryland
Lord Baltimore made generous land grants to anyone who brought over servants, women, and children.
A few women took advantage of this offer: two sisters, Margaret and Mary Brent, arrived in 1638 with nine male servants.
They set up two plantations, 1,000 acres each.
Margaret Brent prevented a rebellion among the governor’s soldiers.
The colony’s assembly praised her efforts: “the colony’s safety at any time [was better] in her hands than in any man’s.”
Act of Toleration: act that provided religious freedom for all Christians.
It ensured Maryland’s continued growth.

34. The Southern Colonies: Virginia
Many settlers had gone to Virginia lured by the promise of profits from tobacco.
Wealthy planters tool the best lands near the coast; newcomers had to push inland, onto Indian lands.
Conflict over land led to fighting between settlers and Indians:
Indians and white leaders often met to restore peace.
New settlers continued to press inland, Indians continued to attack the frontier plantations.
After several bloody clashes, settlers called on the governor to take actions against Native Americans.
The governor refused, he profited from his own fur trade with Indians.
Frontier settlers were furious.

35. The Southern Colonies: Virginia
Bacon’s Rebellion:
Nathaniel Bacon was a young, ambitious planter.
He organized angry men and women on the frontier, and raided Native American villages.
Then he led his followers to Jamestown and burned the capital.
Bacon died suddenly, the revolt fell apart.
The governor hanged 23 of Bacon’s followers, but still couldn’t stop English settlers from moving onto Indian lands along the frontier.

36. The Southern Colonies: The Carolinas
To the north, settlers were mostly poor tobacco farmers, with small farms, who had drifted from Virginia.
To the south, 8 English nobles
set up a larger colony.
They received a land grant as
proprietors, from King Charles II.
Charles Town was the largest
settlement, later shortened to Charleston.
Most settlers in Charleston came from Barbados, the English colony in the Caribbean.
Other immigrants arrived later: Germans, Swiss, French Protestants, Spanish Jews.

37. The Southern Colonies: The Carolinas
Rice grew well in the swampy lowlands along the coast.
Rice was a valuable crop traded around the world.
Carolina needed a large number of workers to grow rice.
They tried to enslave local Indians, but many died of disease or mistreatment and others escaped into the forests.
Planters turned to slaves from Africa, who were brought against their will.
North Carolina had fewer slaves. Differences between
the two areas led to the
division of the colony into
North Carolina and South
Carolina in 1712.

38. The Southern Colonies: Georgia
James Oglethorpe- respected soldier and energetic reformer- founded Georgia in 1732
He wanted the colony to be a place where people jailed for debt in England could make a new start.
English government could imprison debtors until they paid what they owned.
When they got out of jail they often had no money and no place to live.
Oglethorpe and 120 colonists built the colony’s first settlement: Savannah.
Colony’s rules:
Farms could be no bigger than 50 acres
Slavery was forbidden
Later, Oglethorpe changed the rules to allow larger plantations and slavery, making the colony grow quickly.

39. The Southern Colonies: Plantation Life
The Southern Colonies enjoyed warmer weather and a longer growing season than the colonies to the north.
Virginia, Maryland, parts of North Carolina: tobacco-growing areas.
South Carolina and Georgia: raised rice and indigo (blue dye).
Colonists found that it was most profitable to raise crops in large plantations with slaves.
Most slaves worked in the fields.
Some were skilled workers: carpenters, barrelmakers, blacksmiths.
Some worked as cooks, servants, housekeepers.

40. The Southern Colonies: Plantation Life
Location:
Tide-Water: region along the coastal plain with an area of low land that stretched like fingers among broad rivers and creeks.
It offered rich farmland for plantations.
They could have their own docks, and merchant ships picked crops and delivered goods directly to them.
Inland, planters settled along rivers.
They provided an easy way to move goods to market.
Planters loaded their crops on ships bound to the West Indies and Europe.
On the return trip, ships carried English goods and luxuries for planters and their families.

41. The Southern Colonies: Plantation Life
Only a small percentage of white southerners owned large plantations, yet they set the style of life in the South.
Life centered around the Great House, where the planter and his family lived; the grandest of these houses had:
Elegant quarters for the family
A parlor for visitors
Dining room
Guest bedrooms
In the growing season, planters
decided what crops to grow, when
to harvest, and when to take them
to market.
Planters’ wives ran the household, directed house slaves, and made sure daily tasks were done.

42. The Southern Colonies: The Backcountry
West of the Tidewater was an area of hills and thick forests at the base of the Appalachians, called the backcountry, just as in the Middle Colonies.
It was more democratic than the Tidewater
Settlers treated one another as equals.
Men worked in their tobacco or corn fields, or hunted game.
Women cooked meals and fashioned clothing out of wool and deerskin.
Hardships brought families together:
Families gathered to husk corn or help
one another raise barns.
Families felled trees, grew crops,
changed the face of the land.

43. The Southern Colonies: Growth of Slavery
First Africans in the colonies
included free people, servants,
and slaves; even the enslaved
enjoyed some freedom.
Slaves on plantations:
Used farming skills they had brought from West Africa.
They showed English settlers to grow rice.
They knew how to use wild plants unfamiliar to the English
Made water buckets out of gourds.
Used palmetto leaves to make fans, brooms, baskets.
They cleared the land
Worked on crops
Tended livestock.

44. The Southern Colonies: Growth of Slavery
To control the large number of slaves, colonists passed slave codes.
They set out rules for slaves’ behavior and denied slaves their basic rights.
Slaves were not seen as humans, but as property.
Most English colonists believed that black Africans were inferior to White Europeans. (racism)
Some colonists believed they helped slaves by introducing them to Christianity.
Quakers in Germantown, Pennsylvania became the first group of colonists to call for an end to slavery in 1688.

45. The Southern Colonies: The Slave Trade
European slave traders set up posts along the African coasts.
They offered guns and other goods to African rulers who brought them slaves.
Most slave ships went to Brazil and the Caribbean.
The trip from Africa to the Americas was called the Middle Passage:
Slaves were crammed into small spaces below deck.
Once or twice a day, the crew allowed the captives up on deck to eat and exercise.
Some Africans fought for their freedom during the trip, others refused to eat.
Records of slave voyages show that about 10% of all Africans shipped didn’t survive the Middle Passage.

46. Roots of Self-Government
Mercantilism: theory that a nation became strong by keeping strict control over its trade.
Mercantilists thought that a country should export more than it imported.
Exports: good sent to markets outside a country.
Imports: goods brought into a country.
If England sold more goods abroad, gold would flow into the home country as payment for those exports.

47. Roots of Self-Government
Navigation Acts:
Acts passed by the English Parliament in the 1650s that regulated trade between England and its colonies.
Purpose: ensure that only England benefited from colonial trade.
Under these laws:
Only colonial or English ships could carry goods to and from the colonies.
They listed certain products that colonial merchants could ship only to England (tobacco and cotton)
Benefits:
Law encouraged colonists to build their own ships.
New England became a prosperous shipbuilding center.
Colonial merchants did not have to compete with foreign merchants because they were sure of having a market for their goods in England.

48. Roots of Self-Government: Trade in Rum and Slaves
Yankees: merchants from New England
They dominated colonial trade.
Were clever and hardworking, earned a reputation for profiting from any deal.
Triangular Trade: a route developed by colonial merchants with its three legs forming a triangle.
First leg: ships from New England carried fish, lumber, and other goods to the West Indies. Yankees bought sugar and molasses (syrup from sugar cane), and made rum back in New England.
Second leg: ships carried rum, guns, gunpowder, cloth, and tools from New England to West Africa. In Africa these goods were traded for slaves.
Third leg: ships carried enslaved Africans to the West Indies. With the profits from selling them, traders bought more molasses.

49. Roots of Self-Government: Trade in Rum and Slaves
Many New England merchants grew wealthy from the triangular trade, often disobeying the Navigation Acts.
Traders were supposed to buy sugar and molasses only from English colonies in the West Indies.
The demand for molasses was so high that New Englanders smuggled in cargoes from the Dutch, French, and Spanish West Indies.
Bribes made customs officials look other way.

50. Roots of Self-Government: Colonial Government
A governor directed the colony’s affairs and enforced the laws.
They were appointed by the king or by the colony’s proprietor.
In Connecticut and Rhode Island the colonists elected their own governors.
Each colony had a legislature- a group of people who have the power to make laws.
It had an upper house (made of advisers appointed by the governor) and a lower house (an elected assembly).
It approved laws and protected the rights of
citizens.
It had the right to approve any taxes the
governor asked for. (“power of the purse”-
governor’s right to raise or spend money)
Any governor who ignored the assembly
risked losing his salary.

51. Roots of Self-Government: Colonial Government
Each colony had its own rules about who could vote.
By the 1720s all the colonies had laws that restricted the right to vote to white Christian men over the age of 21.
In some colonies, only Protestants or members of a particular Church could vote.
All voters had to own property- they believed they knew what was best for a colony.

52. Roots of Self-Government: Colonial Government
Colonists valued their elected assembly and the rights the Magna Carta gave them as English subjects.
Colonists won more rights as a result of the Glorious Revolution of 1688.
Parliament removed King James II from the throne and asked William and Mary of Netherlands to rule.
William and Mary signed the Bill of Rights in 1689 in return for Parliament’s support- a written list of freedoms the government promises to protect.
The English Bill of Rights
Protected the rights of individuals.
Gave anyone accused of a crime the
right to trial by jury.
Said that a ruler could not raise taxes or an army without the approval of the Parliament.

53. Roots of Self-Government: Limits on Liberties
English colonists enjoyed more freedoms than the English themselves, but the English citizens’ rights didn’t extend to all colonists.
Rights of women:
Women had more rights in the colonies.
A woman’s father or husband was supposed
to protect her.
A married woman could not start her own
business or sign a contract unless her husband approved it.
Unmarried women and widows had more rights than married women:
They could make contracts and sue in court.
In Maryland and the Carolinas, women settlers who headed families could buy land on the same terms as men.
Africans and Native Americans had almost no rights:
Most Africans were bound in slavery