1. Open agro-burning in Asia and potential impact on air quality and climate Kim Oanh N.T. Asian Institute of Technology Thailand BAQ06-Yogjakarta

2. Highlights Agro-residue burning and emission AIRPET findings on biomass burning contribution to urban particulate pollution Rice straw burning emission and air quality Emission characterization and study on health effects and climate change properties at AIT

3. Methodolog y

4. Emission from Biomass Burning Emission of large amount of PIC including CO, VOC, semi-VOC, fine PM Local effects: health, visibility  PM  Toxic gases: CO, VOC, PAH, etc.  Regional and global effects

5. O 3 Pollution Trend in BMR with highest levels in 1997 Statistics of hourly O 3 from ambient stations in BMR

6. Rice Straw Open Burning in Field In many places: USA, Japan, Asia Cheap and fast way for land clearing and some nutrient recovery Asian developing countries Increase in burning areas and frequency Regulations: very limited to none High emission due to incomplete combustion Effects could be substantial but not yet properly quantified

7. Rice straw burning in Thailand New sources in Vietnam ? VN Express, 2005

8. PM2.5 and PM10 in six Asian cities Findings of AIRPET http://serd.ait.ac.th/airpethttp://serd.ait.ac.th/airpet High PM levels, especially during dry season Source apportionment study for PM identified high contribution from biomass burning (20- 30% PM2.5) Correlation between CO, PM10 and maximum hourly ozone in BMR and hotspot counts

9. PM2.5 in 6 AIRPET cities USEPA 24h STD: 65 ug/m3 Annual: 15 ug/m3

11. Hotspot detected by MODIS in year 2004 overlaid landuse map of BMR Phuong, 2006 (AIT thesis)

12. Hot spots and monthly average air pollutants in Pathumthani (April 03 – April 04) PM10 CO Danutawat and Kim Oanh, 2006

13. Daily hot spot count and daily air pollution in Pathumthani (1 February – 31 March 04) 24h-PM10 24h-CO Danutawat and Kim Oanh, 2006

14. Hotspot counts and maximum hourly ozone in BMR, March 2004 Phuong, 2006 (AIT thesis)

15. Emission characterization and exposure study by AIT team

16. PM emission from rice straw burning Kim Oanh et al. 2006 PM size distribution

17. Estimated climate impact of rice straw open burning per ha of rice paddy Species Emission factor kg/kg RS Emission Kg/ha GWP for 100-year Kg CO 2 eq., 100 years GWP, 20- years Kg CO 2 eq., 20 years CO 2 1.38,8401 1 CH 4 * 0.00271823 420 62 1140 N20*N20* 0.000070.5296 140 275 130 CO0.1148003 2,330 10 7,750 VOCs * 0.0574001.7 660 4.9 1900 EC0.000685650 3,000 2000 9,250 OC0.003725-75 -1,900 -250 -6,300 Total - - 13,500 22,700 Example: 200,000 ha x 2 crops/year in BMR

18. Acknowledgement Swedish International Development Agency Fogarty research foundation