1. Golden Rules of Summary Writing 2
Rule 1: The more you manage to avoid the original wording the higher your mark for own words will be.
Rule 2: Avoid lifting lines or whole stretches of text from the passage. Use your own words as far as possible.
Rule 3: Isolate your main errors. Read through your work to check for errors.

2. Passage: Safari Parks
In some parts of Europe, special parks called safari parks have been set up. Here, small herds of game and troops of monkeys can move about freely, although serious drawbacks have emerged. Some of these animals are made ill by exhaust fumes from visitors’ cars, and tropical animals, which do not belong in Europe’s northern climate, may suffer through not having suitable winter quarters. For all their faults, zoos and safari parks are a lifeline to nature, a slender thread that leads us to an increasing interest in living things.
Rubric: Select the ways in which Man has mistreated and misrepresented animals.

3. Passage: Safari Parks Identify the two content points
Some of the animals in safari parks are made ill by fumes from visitors’ cars.
Tropical animals which do not belong in Europe’s northern climate may suffer through not having suitable winter quarters.
Using own words
Pollution from the exhausts of the visitors’ cars causes sickness among the safari park animals.
Animals from hot countries are unable to adapt to the cold winters and also suffer.

4. Note on using own words:
You do not have to substitute all the words in the passage.
Introduction to the comprehension paper requires you to:
Summarise a selected area of text, reproducing facts and ideas that follow the direction of the question, using your own words as far as possible in a piece of well-constructed continuous prose.
Hence, you are not expected to avoid words like ‘animals’, ‘tourists’ and ‘safari’.
What you must do is to avoid lifting whole entire lines or whole stretches of text.

5. Use of English Mechanical Accuracy
Write without making errors of grammar, spelling or punctuation.
Sentence Structure Ability to write in sentences and to vary their types.
Organization and Linking Good organization and linking produce a fluent piece of writing.

6. Common Linguistic Errors
Subject Verb Agreement / Concord
E.g. ‘New hotels creates employment’
Wrong verb forms
E.g. ‘Safari parks had being set up’
Omission or misuse of prepositions
E.g. ‘Animals do not belong Europe’s climate’; ‘animals on safari parks’

7. Sentence Structures
Read the following section to be summarised and isolate the 3 content points.
Animals came to be used for entertainment, often of a degrading nature. Travelling showmen included performing monkeys and dancing bears in their displays, making these animals look foolish. Circuses attracted crowds curious to see animals specially trained to entertain them with their tricks. Audiences felt a satisfying glow of superiority as they witnessed their antics, insensitive to the humiliation the creatures suffered.

8. Example 1 Example 2 Example 3
In relatively recent times, Man mistreated animals, using them for entertainment. He made animals look foolish. He also humiliated them. (20 words)
Example 2
In relatively recent times, Man mistreated animals, using them for entertainment, which made them look foolish and humiliated them. (19 words)
Example 3
In relatively recent times, Man mistreated animals, using them for entertainment, making them look foolish and humiliating them. (18 words)

9. The End