2. 15,000 BC M173 M45 Considerably later than the emergence of the R1b haplogroup in western Europe another lineage arose from the M173 line in eastern Europe. This clan is defined by the M17 marker and men that carry this marker belong to haplogroup R1a. The R1a clan took refuge in the area of Ukraine during the Last Glacial Maximum and from there radiated throughout eastern Europe and Scandinavia after the last glacial thaw. M17 NEXT

3. M60 M91 M130 M96 M201 M168 M52 M89 M170M304 M9 M45 M173 M175 M343 M17 R1a NEXT Most of the R1a men in the CSUEB group trace their historic roots to eastern Europe where this haplogroup is known to have developed.

4. Tristan Germany Alden Russia NEXT Blair Germany Notice the heavy concentration of R1a men in eastern Europe and their scarcity in France, Spain, and the British Isles.

5. Although not as numerous as their R1b cousins, the ancestors of R1a men in our museum sample certainly had a significant impact on European civilization. The R1a homeland north of the Black Sea coincides with the area believed by many to have been the origin place of the Indo-European language family, a group of interrelated languages spoken today by more than half of the world’s present population of 6,000,000,000. NEXT

6. The Proto Indo-European (PIE) language arose in the area of Ukraine or southern Russia between 4000 and 3500 B.C. among nomadic peoples believed to have domesticated the horse. PIE

7. NEXT PIE Quo vadis? Moi? Nager dans la mer! Ich? Einen guten Biergarten zu finden! Y yo? Estoy en busqueda de la bella Dulcinea del Toboso! Over the next two millennia mounted warriors from the steppes, many bearing the R1a DNA signature, spread into western Europe, into central Asia and as far south as India. With their conquests they brought the powerful technology of the horse and Indo-European languages that eventually took the forms of Latin, Greek, Sanskrit, Persian, French, German,, Spanish, English, Portuguese, Russian, etc. Viejo loco!

8. The End

9. A kiosk presentation prepared for the exhibition March 2 to June 15, 2007

10. For more information visit our web site: http://class.csueastbay.edu/anthropologymuseum