2. Meanwhile back in Africa about 40,000 BC another mutation, M96, occurred on the the M168 lineage. This M96 marker is at the root of yDNA haplogroup E. M168 M60 M91 M130 M96 NEXT

3. yDNA Haplogroup E

4. Haplogroup E (M96) arose in NE Africa about 40,000 years ago as a branch of the M168 lineage and later split into two quite distinct subgroups, E3a and E3b. NEXT M96

5. Haplogroup E (M96) arose in NE Africa about 40,000 years ago as a branch of the M168 lineage and later split into two quite distinct subgroups, E3a and E3b. E3a -About 30,000 BC the M2 mutation developed on the earlier M96 lineage and resulted in the very large E3a haplogroup, which spread throughout Africa, especially West Africa, and represents most all African American Y-chromosomes today. Ben, Marc and Rafiq from our CSUEB sample belong to haplogroup E3a. NEXT M2 M96 E3a

6. Haplogroup E (M96) arose in NE Africa about 40,000 years ago as a branch of the M168 lineage and later split into two quite distinct subgroups, E3a and E3b.. E3a -About 30,000 BC the M2 mutation developed on the earlier M96 lineage and resulted in the very large E3a haplogroup, which spread throughout Africa, especially West Africa, and represents most all African American Y chromosomes today. E3b - about 20,000 BC in the Near East another mutation occurred in a separate pop- ulation of the M96 lineage. This marker (M35) defines haplogroup E3b, which spread into Europe during the Neolithic and occurs in high frequencies among Jewish men. M35 NEXT M2 M96 E3b

7. Dark blue = the geographical distribution of haplogroup E. NEXT

8. The End

9. A kiosk presentation prepared for the exhibition March 2 to June 15, 2007

10. For more information visit our web site: http://class.csueastbay.edu/anthropologymuseum