1. http://noyonews.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/a1.jpg

2. ABALONE (Haliotis) Sandra Huynh Marine Aquaculture DISL 2012

3. What is abalone? Herbivorous marine gastropod Over 70 species of extant haliotid species http://www.americanabalone.net/img/Abalone-400.jpg http://www.usc.edu/org/seagrant/Images/Abalone_CStevenson.jpg

4. Abalone history in N. America Native Americans-meat, trade material, and decoration Commercial fishery in mid 19 th century Overfishing, disease, poaching, habitat destruction Fisheries shut down

5. Abalone history in N. America 1980s- first commercial abalone farms in California http://www.fishtech.com/ThailandSymposium1.pdf

6. Taxonomy Haliotis spp http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/content/media/MBA_SeafoodWatch_AbaloneFarmedReport.pdf

7. Taxonomy Haliotis spp http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/content/media/MBA_SeafoodWatch_AbaloneFarmedReport.pdf

8. Taxonomy http://aqua.ucdavis.edu/DatabaseRoot/pdf/ASAQ-A10.PDF

9. Taxonomy

10. Locations http://data.recfin.org/pub/kelp/no2/aquafac.gif

11. Locations Japan Mexico Australia South Africa Korea New Zealand Taiwan China Chile Ireland Iceland http://ww3.hdnux.com/photos/10/01/01/2101374/5/628x471.jpg

12. Locations Japan Mexico Australia South Africa Korea New Zealand Taiwan China Chile Ireland Iceland And of course, California!

13. Market info http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/content/media/MBA_SeafoodWatch_AbaloneFarmedReport.pdf California: In 1998 the total amount of abalone produced was approximately 73 metric tons (mt; in-shell weight) of product valued at US$2.4 million (Ebert 2001).

14. Pricing High pricing in China, Japan, and Koreas In 1994, prices to fishermen in California were $500-600 per dozen for the red abalone. “Abalone can fetch up to $20 per pound or more (Dave Ebert, pers. comm.).” http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/content/media/MBA_SeafoodWatch_AbaloneFarmedReport.pdf

15. Life Cycle http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/content/media/MBA_SeafoodWatch_AbaloneFarmedReport.pdf

16. Reproduction in captivity Males and females induced to spawn ◦ UV irradiated seawater ◦ Solution of hydrogen peroxide Release unfertilized eggs and sperm ◦ 6-8 million ova out of 11 million ova released become fertilized (from one female!) Fertilize, and division starts within 2 hrs

17. Reproduction in captivity Eggs hatched and reared through trochophore (16-20 hrs) and veliger (26- 30 hrs) larval stages All early life stages are sensitive, so UV- treated water is used. Though increased temp can increase development, rearing at 15°C decreases risk of bacterial infection in systems.

18. Production Methods Cage culture system ◦ Rectangular cages ◦ PVC frames covered with heavy gage plastic mesh ◦ Suspended from longline systems or floating docks http://ww1.hdnux.com/photos/10/01/01/2101372/5/628x471.jpg

19. Production Methods Disadvantages: Costs for boat, motor, fuel, access time, and hydraulic wench to lift cages for feeding, maintenance, and harvest And other things we’ve discussed in class http://ww3.hdnux.com/photos/10/01/01/2101370/5/628x471.jpg

20. Production Methods Land-based, flow- through tank system: ◦ Concrete or fiberglass tanks of 1000-2000 capacity ◦ Tanks plumbed for flow-through seawater and forced air http://ucce.ucdavis.edu/files/repository/calag/img5104p7a.jpg

21. Production Methods Disadvantages: Operate seawater pumping Aeration systems http://ww4.hdnux.com/photos/10/01/01/2101371/7/628x471.jpg http://ww4.hdnux.com/photos/10/01/01/2101375/5/628x471.jpg

22. http://www.americanabalone.net/img/abalone256.jpg http://www.americanabalone.net/img/steaksLG.jpg

23. Feeds and Feeding Natural diets: ◦ Eggs and larvae: yolk reserves ◦ Juveniles: benthic microalgae (diatoms) ◦ Adults: kelp Artificial diets: ◦ 30-50% protein: fish meal, milk by-products ◦ 30-40% carbs: seaweed ◦ 5-6% each of fat, fiber, and ash ◦ Sometimes mineral and vitamin supplements

24. Water Chemistry Eggs and larvae: 15°C (59°F) Juveniles: 15 to 18°C Salinity: 30-35 ppt

25. Advantages: High densities High production 65% edible part is protein Other nutrients: Selenium, magnesium, iron, and omega-3 fats http://ww2.hdnux.com/photos/10/01/01/2101373/5/628x471.jpg

26. Disadvantages: In both production systems, it takes 3-4 years for abalone to grow to market size, about 7-9 cm. Growing to market size is the most capital intensive and time-consuming part of this aquaculture Labor and feed costs A lot of the animal is shell

27. Sustainability http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/content/media/MBA _SeafoodWatch_AbaloneFarmedReport.pdf

28. Nom nom nom http://ww2.hdnux.com/photos/10/01/01/2101369/5/628x471.jpg http://thumbs.ifood.tv/files/images/editor/images/abalone%20ceviche.jpg https://encrypted-tbn2.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTJiScvsjupcWedGctjL9D3kgTLBEX0MB1AtYNWbbh2msii7YOZ7A

29. Jewelry http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_mISUD8AwDR8/S9paRtuqvUI /AAAAAAAABBo/0fpxxmXmfBI/s1600/NEW- Abalone+Heart+Pendant.jpg http://www.squidoo.com/abalone-jewelry

30. Finally, if anyone finds this… http://www.mac- brush.com/images/OPI%20%20Nail%2 0polish/OPI%20%20Nail%20polish%20 (76).jpg I will love you forever.

31. References “California Abalone Aquaculture” http://aqua.ucdavis.edu/DatabaseRoot/pdf/ASAQ-A10.PDF “Seafood Watch: Cultured Abalone” http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/cr/cr_seafoodwatch/c ontent/media/MBA_SeafoodWatch_AbaloneFarmedReport.p df “World abalone supply, markets, and pricing” http://www.fishtech.com/ThailandSymposium1.pdf “Training Manual on Artificial Breeding of Abalone in Korea DPR” http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/ab731e/ab731e00.htm “Abalone Farming” http://www.americanabalone.net/about- abalone.html

32. Picture sources Abalone background picture http://noyonews.net/wp- content/uploads/2011/09/a1.jpg “Abalone’s luster grows” http://www.sfgate.com/recipes/article/Aba lone-s-luster-grows-Eco-friendly- aquaculture-2614648.php#photo-2101372