1. Study of Borders as Inspiration for Alternative Geopolitics of the European North Ilkka Liikanen University of Eastern Finland

2. Rise of Border Studies Increased Interest in Borders - Why? Great political changes of the 1990s – End of Cold War, European Integration, globalization Methodological reorientation in the study of culture and society, the so-called Linguistic turn in particular – Discussion about post-modernism Borders not just lines on maps but products of constant re-definition – Focus on social and linguistic construction of borders

3. Border Regions in Transition Conferences as an Arena of Renewal of Border Studies 10 Border Regions in Transition Conferences – Germany 1994, Finland 1997, USA 1999, India 2000, Estonia 2001, Hungary 2004, Poland 2006, Israel 2007, Canada-USA 2008, Chile 2009 Books and publications – Ganster, Sweedler, Scott & Eberwein 1997, Eskelinen, Liikanen & Oksa 1999, Ganster 2001, Berg & van Houtum 2003, Scott 2006, Alper & Brunet-Jailly 2008 Main Journals – Journal of Borderland Studies – Geopolitics

4. Deconstruction of Borders as a Challenge to Geopolitics New border studies: Borders not merely territorial lines, but socially constructed – Not just frontlines of security politics but symbols of social binding and exclusion necessary constituents of people’s lives (Anssi Paasi) Process of bordering: focus on nation-building and identity politics – Not just nation-building from above but institutionalization of practices and discourses of political community formation (Craig Calhoun) Integration, nationalism and regionalization – Changing scales of geopolitical bordering Critical geopolitics: overcoming Cold War divides – Deconstructing securitization (Ole Wæver)

5. The Territorial Shape of Finland since 1323 The Boundaries of Finland in Transition Fennia 180: 1-2 (2002)

6. Historical mapping in terms of linear border line picturing geopolitical frontlines by projecting modern national territorial state back in history

7. Three conceptual problems of mapping the borders of Finland as a National Territorial State since 1323 Nationality Territoriality Statehood

8. Hartmann Schedel Liber Chronicarum, Germania Magna, Dacia, Norwega Sweden Finland. Nürnberg 1493,

9. The Symbolic Border Line Olaus Magnus Carta Marina et Descriptio Septentrionalivm Terrarvm. Venetsia 1539

10. The natural border Abraham Ortelius Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, Septentrionalium regionum descrip. Antwerpen 1579

11. Before early modern period Concept of state not separated from that of the ruler – the Crown State administration organized through feudal relation – not through political structures linking population and the ruler

12. The Invention of the Linear Border Line Andreas Bureus Orbis arctoi nova et accurata delineatio auctore Andrea Bureo sueco. Stockholm 1626

13. Mapping the border of the Treaty of Stolbova 1617 (Detail from 1651 based on) Andreas Bureus, Orbis arctoi nova et accurata delineatio auctore Andrea Bureo sueco. Stockholm 1626

14. Boundaries and the birth of modern state The idea of the centralized state - and the fixed border line – adopted as a common practice in Europe in the Middle of the 17th Century

15. Europe of Borders Joannes Janssonius: Europa Exactime Descripta, 1645

16. Finland and the Finnish state The shaping of the concept in the 18th and 19th C

17. Johann Baptist Homann: Regni Sueciae in omnes suas Subjacentes Provincias accurate divisi Tabula Generalis. Nürnberg 1737.

18. Russia in Europe Samuel John Neele, Josiah Neele Minor Atlas, London 1814

19. Karta öfver Stor Furstendömet Finland August Wilhelm Eklund Helsingfors 1840

20. Suomen Maantieteellinen Seura Suomen Kartasto 1899, Suomi Finland. Helsinki 1899

21. The Europe of Nation-states – and Revolution Bacon's standard map of Europe by G.W. Bacon, F.R.G.S., Weber Costello Co., [192-]

22. The principle of nation-states and Cold-war geopolitics Change of borders according to nation-state principle after World War I and the breakdown of multi-national dynastic empires During the Cold War borders stiffened by realities of geopolitics and supra-national principles of international law

23. Europe of the Cold War Iron Curtain From Simple English Wikipedia the free encyclopedia that anyone can change

24. Integration and post-national Borders? Europeanization and Cross-border Regionalization Northern Europe, AEBR 2007

25. Changing Scales of Geopolitical Frontlines