1. PART 3 AN AGE OF ACCELERATING CONNECTIONS 600-1500
AP WORLD HISTORY
PART 3
AN AGE OF ACCELERATING CONNECTIONS

2. TRADE
DISCUSS WHAT YOU ALREADY KNOW!
5 W’S
IMPORTANCE!

3. Big Picture ?s Discussion time.
Do cultural areas, as opposed to states and empires, better represent history?
Cultural areas are those that share a common culture.
Respect for geographical limitations not followed

4. 2. How does change occur within societies?
Trading
Migrations
Invasions
Why are people moving around?
Impact?
Change occurs because of internal developments no external influences.

5. 3. How similar were the economic and trading practices that developed across cultures?
Monetary Systems
Trade Routes
Trade Practices
How do they link up?

6. 4.How does the environment impact human decision making?
How do states respond to environmental changes?
Do they move or send out raiding parties?
Are they able to respond quickly and successfully to environmental changes?

7. Review of History Within Civilizations 600 CE-1450
Classical Period collapses
Long distance trade increases
Caravans of Silk routes
Multi-ethnic Indian Ocean sailors
Trips across Sahara to West Africa
Trade in Mediterranean
Decentralization of Western Europe
Expansion of trading empires of Middle East and China

8. Developments in Asia 3 Major dynasties Developed Golden Ages
Tang, Song, Ming
Developed Golden Ages
Influenced
Korea
Vietnam
Cambodia

9. Tang(618-907 AD) Emperor Xuanzong
Bureaucratic system (merit, civil service exams)
Military garrisons along trade routes and capital Xi’an
Tribute system (territories sent ambassadors and gifts “kowtow”)
Expanded into Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet, Korea
Golden Age
age of Buddhism
Footbinding
woodblock printing
Gunpowder
Paper Money
Magnetic compass
Poetry tells of daily life
Economy
Paper money
Letters of credit (flying cash)
Increased trade and cultural diffusion
Local warlords gained power and dynasty collapsed
Uighurs (nomadic Turks brought in the stop rebellions but eventually became attackers)

10. Song (960-1279 AD) Song Taizu Similar rule as Tang
Used army and consolidated China
Similar rule as Tang
Capital in southern portion, Hangzhou
Wealth base on powerful navy and International trade
Golden Age
Moveable type (increased literacy)
Porcelain
Gunpowder used for military
Magnetic compass
Watertight bulkheads
Sternpost rudders for junks (merchant/battleships)
Iron production increased
Produced steel using water-driven-bellows to produce needed temp.
Introduction of champa RICE from Vietnam=population increase (115 million in 1200)
Peasant Rebellions and Mongols led to fall of dynasty
Fast ripening rice increased agricultural technology iron plows, irrigation systems, manure as fertilizer, terrace farming

11. Ming 1368-1644 Zhu Yuanzhang Chengzu (son) Golden Age
Red turban rebellion against Mongols
Ended corruption and reestablished an authoritarian gov’t bureaucracy using eunuchs
Chengzu (son)
Imperial Palace (Forbidden City) constructed in Beijing ( )
Golden Age
Focused on Chinese culture
Zheng He
Sea expeditons led to increased trade
Fortified Great Wall
Expanded Canal System
Eunuchs used since Sumerian times. Were prisoners of war, or punished for behavior

12. Religion Nestorianism Manicheans Zoroastrianism Islam Buddhism
Christianity w/difference based on holy trinity
Manicheans
Persian founder Mani used cosmology to explain conflict between light and dark, good or evil
Zoroastrianism
Persian
Islam
Buddhism
Mahayana: nirvana can be attained through faith alone
Chan/Zen: school of mahayana based on meditation and Dharma
Confucianism
Neo-Confucianism: Zhu Xi adapted Buddhist concepts to Confucian values. Expanded into Vietnam, Korea and Japan
Doaism

13. Women Confucian=subordinate Under Tang: Footbinding
Empress Wu Zhoa took over after husband’s death.
Considered fair-minded.
Footbinding
Strengthened Confucian ideas
Wu was a favorite concubine, convinced emperor to execute wife over false report that she killed a daughter.

14. Hermit Kingdom Korea Vietnam North subdued by Tang South rebelled
Silla Dynasty
Unified Korea
Vassal state of Tang 7th century
Adopted Confucian values
Koryo Dynasty
Copied chinese civil service exams
Bureaucracy
Slavery
Choson/Yi Dynasty
Established after Mongols left
Hermit Kingdom
19th century term used for its closed door policy for foreigners
Cultural bridge btwn. China and Japan
North subdued by Tang
South rebelled
Both absorbed agricultural ideas, schools of thought, and irrigation techniques.
Maintained indigenous religions
Women more active in society

15. Japan 4 main islands: isolation Influenced by Korea and China
Yamato Clan
5th century
First and only dynasty
Direct descendent of Amaterasu Shinto sun goddess
Prince Shotoku
Taika Reforms
Borrowed ideas on gov’t from Tang
Rejected confucianism
Grand Council of State –administrative districts
Heian Period
Fujiwara Family
Ruled Japan 794 after Shotoku’s death
Golden Age
Lady Murasaki Tale of the Genji

16. Feudal Japan Developed same time as in Europe Kamakura Shogunate
1192 Yoritomo Minamoto
Bakufu “Tent” system of gov’t
Shogun chief general
Daimyo (powerful land owners
Samurai (warrior/nobility)
Bushido (code of Behavior)
Zen Buddhism
Loyalty, courage, honor
Women were not held in high esteem, could not learn chinese
Kyoto Shogunate
1333 Ashikaga
Onin War threatened unity
Samurai gained immense respect-carry weapons and have last names

17. Europe Periodization
Early Middle Ages: 500 – 1000 High Middle Ages: 1000 – 1250 Late Middle Ages:

18. Europe Dark Ages (476 AD -800) End of Roman Rule in western Europe
Rise of Tribes (Franks, Saxons, vikings)
no books
no learning/education
Preserved by monks and muslims
no government
no common language
no unity

19. Europe 6th century

20. Middle Ages (800-1300) 3 C’s (Clovis, Charles Martel, Charlemagne)
Feudalism
fiefdom= system of loyalties
Manorialism-self sufficient estate
Chivalry-code of conduct
Church-most powerful institution
political-economic-social organization
controlled about 1/3 of the land in Western Europe.
tried to curb feudal warfare
only 40 days a year for combat.
curb heresies
Crusades
Inquisition
tithe
1/10 tax on your assets given to the church.
Holy Roman Empire
Franks- close connections to the church provided an educated workforce for their bureaucracy.
Charlemagne: Alcuin (educator) created school at Aechen for priests, controlled land through missi dominici (messengers)
Battle against Basques: army ambushed by Basques killing Count Roland-Song of Roland battle was won and land became buffer zone between christians and muslims
Monasteries: St. Benedict – Benedictine Rule of poverty, chastity, and obedience.
provided schools for the children of the upper class.
inns, hospitals, refuge in times of war. libraries & scriptoria to copy books and illuminate manuscripts.
monks  missionaries to the barbarians. [St. Patrick, St. Boniface]

22. Treaty of Verdun 843
After Charlemagne’s death, invasions brought Carolingian empire to its end. Muslims from the Mediterranean, Magyars from Hungary, Vikings from the North between 9-11 centuries
Vikings, Norse mariners invaded along the coastlines were motivated by population pressures in Scandinavia and resistance to Christianity. They assaulted monasteries, villages and cities throughout northern and southern Europe.

23. Feudalism A political, economic, and social system based on loyalty and military service.
After Charlemagne’s death, nobles built a system to protect their lands and maintain order based on military and political relationships with prominent individuals which later became lords with the church’s approval.

24. Carcassonne: A Medieval Castle
France

25. Parts of a Medieval Castle

26. The Medieval Manor
Serfs created agricultural surplus, not fully free or fully slave. Cultivated land produced goods in return for a small plot. Usually passed down to offspring as long as they fulfilled their obligations (work lords land for so many days a week, planting, harvesting and returning a portion of their own to the lord. This could include weaving, brewing, milling, sewing.
Manor included land, crops, tools, animals, serfs to function. Lord acted judge of manor. Any goods not created at manor could be found at nearby monastery.

27. The Rise of European Monarchies: England
King Alfred conquered Danes in the north to unite England (Anglo-land), built fortresses to defend themselves against the Vikings.

28. William the Conqueror: Battle of Hastings, 1066 (Bayeaux Tapestry

29. Henry I: Henry II: William’s son. set up a court system.
Exchequer - dept. of royal finances
Henry II:
established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom.
grand jury.
trial by jury.

30. Magna Carta, 1215 King John I “Great Charter”
monarchs were not above the law.
kings had to consult a council of advisors.
kings could not tax arbitrarily.

31. The Beginnings of the British Parliament
Great Council:
middle class merchants, townspeople [burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr., burghers in Ger.] were added at the end of the 13c.
eventually called Parliament.
by 1400, two chambers evolved:
House of Lords = nobles & clergy.
House of Commons = knights and burgesses.

32. The Rise of European Monarchies: France
Capetians
987 Hugh Capet selected after death of last Carolingian emperor.
Controlled Normandy, Brittany, Burgundy, Aquitaine
1066 William of Normandy conquered England bringing territory with him. (Angevin Kingdom) –Hiundred Years’ War

33. Holy Roman Empire 800 Charlemagne 1st HRE
Saxons convert or be killed
Saxon King Widukind converted 785
962 Otto I proclaimed Holy Roman Emperor by Pope
Tensions between Pope and Emperor
1075 Investiture Contest Controversy
Pope Gregory VII excommunicated Henry IV for attempting to name bishops
1122 Concordat of Worms
Pope chooses spiritual leaders, Emperor chooses political leaders
Voltaire “neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire”
Secular German group of states
1176 Frederick Barbarossa
Tried to enlarge empire through northern Italy
: Frederick II
King of Italy and German States
Promoted arts and science
Otto selected the Pope himself Sylvester II
Henry IV pleaded with Pope and proclaimed that the Church had complete authority barefoot in the snow.
Barbarossa Hohenstaufen ruler
Frederick II mother was Queen of Sicily

34. Italy Controlled by Lombards 773 Charlemagne took over Italy
Otto I combined Italy and Germany making HRE
10th Century rise of City-States
Burghers rose in power
Trade with Muslims
Crusades
Banking Centers
Medici family
Venice + Genoa important cities

35. Agricultural Revolution (after 900)
New inventions (harness for horses,3 field system, moldboard plow)
More food =more people= more trade routes = fairs =towns
Crusades-Holy Wars ( ) resulted in increased:
Trade, cultural diffusion, knowledge
Commercial Revolution(1500s)
New business practices (checks, banks)
Capital = $ exchanged instead of bartering
end of feudalism
Important trade cities (Venice, Hanseatic League)

36. Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade

37. Setting Out on Crusade

38. Christian Crusades: East and West

39. Medieval Guilds Guild Hall
Commercial Monopoly:
Controlled membership apprentice  journeyman  master craftsman
Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].
Controlled prices

40. Hanseatic League founded by Saxon King Henry the Lion 1159

41. Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s Shop

42. Crest of a Cooper’s Guild

43. 1348 Bubonic Plague Hundred Years’ War 1337-1453
trade declined
church lost power
1/3 population died
Hundred Years’ War
War between France and Britain over land
Thirty Years’ War
Between German Princes and Holy Roman Empire over religion
Treaty of Westphalia brought peace

47. Europe-> Renaissance (1300-1650)
Rebirth of Classics
Greek and Roman
Golden Age
Begins in Italy b/c of:
Crusades
urban centers
wealthy merchants
humanism= focus on human achievements not just religion
Art focus=realism
Artists:
Michelangelo, da Vinci-most famous
Writers:
Machiavelli-The Prince (end justifies the means) rulers should do anything to gain and keep power.
Johannes Gutenberg-printing press-#books increase, vernacular, spread of ideas.

48. Medieval Universities
Arose 11th century
Bologna, Paris, Oxford
1st in Paris
Students subject to Church (town vs gown)
Granted charters
Studied art, law, medicine, theology
Received degree in levels
Bachelor
Master
Doctorate
Daily life equivalent to monastic life
Scholasticism-applying logic to theocracy studied in 11th century by St. Anselm
Peter Abelard had theories that went against Church pertaining to logic (God was constrained by logic)symbol of questioning intellect had an affair with Heloise(one of the most learned woman of her time) their letters are famouse and show her sense of medieval humanism.
Thomas Aquinas most important scholastic theologian wrote Summa Theologica contains 5 ways of proving God’s existence, tried to harmonize Aristotle’s teaching with Christianity.

49. Oxford University

50. Late Medieval Town Dwellings

51. Byzantine Empire 395-1453 Extension of Roman Empire Constantinople
313 Christianity Accepted
330 Constantine converts
(Greco-Roman heritage)
Used Greek language
Domes in architecture
Constantinople
capital of Eastern Empire
Protected by water + walls
Major trading power (Western Europe-Arab empire)

52. Justinian and Theodora (527-565)
Emperors
Ruled with absolute authority
Economy (monopolized Silk production taken from China)
Coined money
Justinian and Theodora ( )
Rivaled Islamic Baghdad
code of laws
Kept ancient Roman legal principles alive
Hagia Sophia
Flowering of arts, sciences and architecture
Mosaic art
Tried to reunite east +west failed due to plague
Orthodox Christianity
Secular rulers headed Church
Disagreements on:
Sacrament of communion, priests allowed to marry, use of vernacular in church, placement of icons, pope vs patriarch
Iconoclastic controversy: Emperor tried to abolish all images, people reacted violently.

53. Fall of Byzantine Empire
Arab groups overran territory
Turks migrated to Anatolia
Osman
built empire out of Byzantine territories
Controlled Balkans
1453 Constantinople captured by Ottoman Turks
Mehmud the Conqueror

54. Shaped developing cultures of Russia and Eastern Europe.
Byzantine Missionaries converted Russia and Slavic people
Cyril and Methodious: alphabet
957 Queen Olga converted
King Vladimir
Converted and ordered thousands to be baptized in the Dnieper River
Russian Orthodox
Alligned w/Byzantine
1272 Fall to the Tartars=Mongols
1400s Ivan III expands territory + declared himself czar

55. Middle East Crossroads of the World (Europe, Africa, Asia)
Cultural diffusion-> Trade
Preserved ancient writings of Greeks and Romans
Islam

56. Rise of Islam Mid 600s Monotheistic Muslims Mohammad Qu’ran 5 Pillars
Jihad “to struggle”
Accepts Abraham, Moses and Jesus
2 groups
Shiite vs Sunni
Sunni: “people who follow the Sunna (way of the prophet)” caliph should be good person
Shiite/Shia: caliphite must go to a descendent

57. Empire grows as Religion Splits
632 Mohammad dies
Capital Mecca
First 4 Caliphs
Abu Bakr –caliph-theocracy-caliphate
Umar
Uthan
Ali –assassinated and son Hasan gives power over to Umayyads
Since Abu is in charge of the religion any region that has muslims members becomes a caliphate, they answer to the caliph over the head of state. (Like the Pope and Christendom)

58. Umayyads Capital Damascus, Syria Sunni
Gold and silver coins standard monetary unit
Expanded empire from northern Africa to Spain
Conversion “encouraged” taxed if not
Tried to go further into Europe from west and east.
Official language of government
Built Dome of the Rock
Defeated by forces of Abu al-Abbas and replaced by Abbasid Dynasty around 750

59. Abbasid Dynasty
Shiite Muslims
Baghdad (capital)
Trade increased
Location prime for trade
Defeated Tang Chinese 751 over trading post on Silk Road
Pows carrying paper- Abbasids figured out how to make paper
Introduced Credit
Itemized receipts and bills
Golden Age
Production of steel (swords)
Mohammad al-Razi published medical encyclopedia
Algebra
Libraries and universities
Expanded into Levant (Israel, Jordan, Syria, Lebanon)
Sufis
Islamic mystics/missionaries
Made Islam adaptable for others led to conversions
Carrying coins while caravanning was dangerous

60. Turks Seljuk Turks 1206-1526 Delhi Sultanate
Nomadic warriors from the central Asian Steppes
Hired by Muslim leaders as mercenaries
1055 Captured Baghdad/Abbasssid Dynasty
1071 defeated took Anatolia (Turkey) from Byzantine Empire
1258 conquered by Hulegu (Kublai Khan’s brother)
Many converted to Islam
Delhi Sultanate
Afghan turks
Non-muslims taxed
Destruction of Hindu temples
Colleges founded
Irrigation improved
Destroyed by Mongols

61. Women and Islam Women = Property No divorce (husband can keep dowry)
No property
Female infanticide
QU’RAN ( )
Subservient, treated with more dignity, some legal rights, equal before Allah, divorce/return dowry, infanticide forbidden
Men/4 wives, property passed through men, women= ½ in court, restriction on what they wore

62. Decline in Islamic Caliphates
Internal Rivalries
Differences between Shi and Sunni sects
Ethnic groups
Turkish slaves/mamluks revolted set up capital in Samarra Iraq
Shia group in northern Iran
Sunni Seljuk Turks
Destabalized central authority in Baghdad and cut tax revenues
Mongol Invasions
1258 destroyed Baghdad ending Abbasid Dynasty
Ottoman Turks
Reunited Egypt, Syria and Arabia

63. The Mongols 1234 conquered lands throughout China
Ghengis Khan: Temujin ( )
1234 conquered lands throughout China
Empire spanned from Pacific Ocean to eastern Europe
Karakorum-capital
Steppe diplomacy
“Submit and live. Resist and die.”
1st Pony Express + postal system
Tax breaks for teachers + clerics
Spilt into hordes (small independent empires)/4 regions
Khanate of the Golden Horde (Tartars)
Batu (grandson) controlled most of Russia
Vasaal state
Locals collected taxes
Khanate of Changatai: Yuan dynasty ( )
Kublai Khan (grandson)
Pax Mongolia: guarded trade routes (Silk Road)
Foreigner emplolyed in bureaucracy, civil service not used
Marco Polo
Ilkhanate of Persia (Hulegu: Kublai’s brother)
Persia-Baghdad: stopped in Syria by Egyptian forces
Timur Lang (1370)
Aka Tamerlane
Ghengis Khan = role model
Capital Samarkand
Conquered parts of India
The Mongols
Roman army covered 25 miles per day-> Mongols 90
Bows launched from horseback up to 300 yards
Army divide into units
Spies scouted enemies before battles
Every male served

64. Impact of Mongols Diffusers of culture
Assimilated with some conquered cultures
Chinese were not allowed to Mongolize
Increased world trade
Protected Silk Road
Welcomed missionaries + merchants
By 1450 well into decline
1260 Mamluks (Egyptian slave dynasty) stopped Mongols from moving into Africa
tried to invade Japan
Kamikaze

65. West Africa Land of Gold Ghana (500s-1200) Mali (1230s-1433 CE)
Trans-Saharan Trade
Commercial site
Traded gold (from south) controlled and taxed in return for salt, ivory, slaves, horses, cloth
Large army funded by tax on trade
Merchants-Islam
1000 CE under assault from northen Berbers, eventually absorbed by Mali
Mali (1230s-1433 CE)
Sundiata (ruler + Epic story)
Mansa Musa ( )
Devout Muslim: hajj = cultural diffussion
Timbuktu: political capital,center for education, religion, culture
After 1350 provinces broke away for independence

66. East Africa Indian Ocean trade Coast settled by Bantu
Swahili City-states emerged
Governed by Kings-converted to Islam
Mogadishu
Kilwa
Sofala
Traded gold, slaves, ivory for pottery, glass and textiles from Persia, India and China.
Zimbabwe (Changamire)
Rose from Shona people (gold, glass beads, bronze+ iron)
Great Zimbabwe

67. Great Zimbabwe

68. Travelers Ibn Battuta 1304-1369 Marco Polo 1253-1324 Rabban Sauma
Background
Muslim Scholar from morocco
Merchant from Venice
Nestorian Christian priest from Mongol Empire in China
Places Traveled
Dar al-Islam, West Africa, India, Southeast Asia
Silk Road
Pilgrimage from Beijing to Jerusalem.
Sent to France and England to meet with Pope and Kings on alliance against Muslims by Persian Mongol King Ilkhan
Significance
Demonstrated widespread of Islam.
Government positions as a qadi or judge in lands travelled.
Employed by Kublai Khan oversaw mercantile and domestic missions in empire
Did not get support.

69. What else is going on? South America Oceania:
1000 Chimor/Chimu along Peruvian Coast
Thriving agriculture
Overrun by Incas late 1400s
Oceania:
Trade networks did not emerge due to distance.
Long voyages introduced sweet potato to islands
Agricultural and fishing socieites
Islands differed in culture
Hey miss Carrrrrrr!!!!!!!!
-Kevin Gauthier( Your favorite student)