1. Investigating Social Vulnerability in Community-Based Poverty Monitoring in Sri Lanka Authored by Hartmut Fuenfgeld, Siri Hettige, Markus Mayer and Sonali Senaratne-Sellamuttu for Institute for Policy Studies (IPS) in collaboration with Improving Capacities for Poverty & Social Policy Research (IMCAP) Program – University of Colombo

2. CBPM, Sri Lanka2 Introduction This paper shares some critical reflections on the experiences of using qualitative methods for the purposes of CBPM in Sri Lanka. This paper shares some critical reflections on the experiences of using qualitative methods for the purposes of CBPM in Sri Lanka.

3. CBPM, Sri Lanka3 Extending and Intensifying CBPM Methodology Quantitative research methodologies cannot fully apprehend complex social, cultural and political dimensions of poverty at the micro-level Quantitative research methodologies cannot fully apprehend complex social, cultural and political dimensions of poverty at the micro-level Qualitative research methodologies can provide the necessary deeper insights to important poverty factors such as vulnerability, social exclusion, conflict related aspects of poverty or lack of social and political participation and civil rights Qualitative research methodologies can provide the necessary deeper insights to important poverty factors such as vulnerability, social exclusion, conflict related aspects of poverty or lack of social and political participation and civil rights

4. CBPM, Sri Lanka4 Policy Challenges for CBMS Besides including the community for data collection, CBMS can also provide opportunities to identify new indicators for poverty that – rather than merely pointing out to an increase or decrease of poverty within a given community, region or country – are able to uncover the underlying factors and processes that drive people into poverty, keep them in poverty, or help them to move out of poverty Besides including the community for data collection, CBMS can also provide opportunities to identify new indicators for poverty that – rather than merely pointing out to an increase or decrease of poverty within a given community, region or country – are able to uncover the underlying factors and processes that drive people into poverty, keep them in poverty, or help them to move out of poverty

5. CBPM, Sri Lanka5 Important aspects to include into CBMS: Quality and impact of different coping strategies Quality and impact of different coping strategies Economic, social, cultural and political relationship structures of the poor Economic, social, cultural and political relationship structures of the poor (incl. relations between the poor and the non-poor) Local concepts of well-being (sensitive towards gender, age, ethnicity etc.), focusing also on gaps between aspirations and opportunities Local concepts of well-being (sensitive towards gender, age, ethnicity etc.), focusing also on gaps between aspirations and opportunities

6. CBPM, Sri Lanka6 Vulnerability Approach: process character of poverty understanding factors that not only limit people’s ability for basic survival but also reduce their available options for a livelihood appropriate to their individual needs and aspirations understanding factors that not only limit people’s ability for basic survival but also reduce their available options for a livelihood appropriate to their individual needs and aspirations understanding contradictions between social expectations, individual aspirations and human needs: capabilities or “freedoms” (SEN) of a person to achieve different lifestyles understanding contradictions between social expectations, individual aspirations and human needs: capabilities or “freedoms” (SEN) of a person to achieve different lifestyles

7. CBPM, Sri Lanka7 Analytical Framework for the Assessment of Life Chances

8. CBPM, Sri Lanka8 Dimensions of Analysis Political Social Economical Cultural Ecological

9. CBPM, Sri Lanka9 CBMS Locations in Sri Lanka Urban Sector (Colombo District) Urban Sector (Colombo District) Rural Sector (Hambantota District) Rural Sector (Hambantota District) Estate Sector (Nureliya District) Estate Sector (Nureliya District) “Conflict” Sector (Batticaloa District) “Conflict” Sector (Batticaloa District)  for pilot research and approach development

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11. CBPM, Sri Lanka11 Qualitative Research Methods Semi-structured interviews with key informants Semi-structured interviews with key informants Focus group discussions Focus group discussions Participatory tools (e.g. mapping, wealth ranking) Participatory tools (e.g. mapping, wealth ranking)  University graduates with social science background acted as external facilitators

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13. CBPM, Sri Lanka13 In-depth interviews Selection of 16 households with different poverty dynamic – characteristics: Selection of 16 households with different poverty dynamic – characteristics:  always poor  always better off  earlier poor, now better off  earlier better off, now poor  Interviews with different household members (at least 3 – gender & age differentiated)

14. CBPM, Sri Lanka14 Case-Study 1: Kalametiya, Hambantota Kalametiya is a coastal lagoon system on the southern coastline of Sri Lanka Kalametiya is a coastal lagoon system on the southern coastline of Sri Lanka It is considered to be one of the most economically disadvantaged areas in the country It is considered to be one of the most economically disadvantaged areas in the country The villages selected were entirely Sinhalese, but with different occupational patterns: fishing (lagoon and sea), farming (paddy), and cattle rearing The villages selected were entirely Sinhalese, but with different occupational patterns: fishing (lagoon and sea), farming (paddy), and cattle rearing

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17. CBPM, Sri Lanka17 Kalametiya: conflict background Located within the site of two violent youth insurgencies in Sri Lanka 1971 and 1987 - 1991 Located within the site of two violent youth insurgencies in Sri Lanka 1971 and 1987 - 1991 The brutal breakdown of the second insurgency by the government left 40,000 to 60,000 youth in Southern Sri Lanka dead or missing The brutal breakdown of the second insurgency by the government left 40,000 to 60,000 youth in Southern Sri Lanka dead or missing Subsequently highly politicized area and still a stronghold of the party that led the insurgencies in the past Subsequently highly politicized area and still a stronghold of the party that led the insurgencies in the past

18. CBPM, Sri Lanka18 Findings: Kalametiya Extensive dependence on natural resource livelihoods Extensive dependence on natural resource livelihoods Strong link between environmental changes and poverty processes Strong link between environmental changes and poverty processes Poverty has been compounded by changes in the lagoon ecology due to human interventions over the past three decades Poverty has been compounded by changes in the lagoon ecology due to human interventions over the past three decades

19. CBPM, Sri Lanka19 Cause and Effect of Lagoon Ecology Alteration: Kalametiya Upstream Irrigation Interventions Infrastructure Construction Lagoon ecology altered: decrease in fishing population ´´ The income I obtain from lagoon fishing is much lower today than what it was in the past. I now only make Rs 100.00 or Rs 150.00 per day. The main reason for this is the decrease in the numbers of fish found in the lagoon.´´

20. CBPM, Sri Lanka20 Social Impact of Changes in the Natural Resource Management Tensions between different occupational communities (linked to caste issues) on the utilization of water (farmers vs. fishermen) Tensions between different occupational communities (linked to caste issues) on the utilization of water (farmers vs. fishermen) Increased competition within the marine fishing sector with poorer members of the community being increasingly marginalized due to lack of investment options into new technologies Increased competition within the marine fishing sector with poorer members of the community being increasingly marginalized due to lack of investment options into new technologies

21. CBPM, Sri Lanka21 Coping Mechanism of Fisherpeople: Kalametiya Diversification of livelihoods is the most important coping strategy Diversification of livelihoods is the most important coping strategy Diversification methods differ in chronically poor households from upwardly mobile households Diversification methods differ in chronically poor households from upwardly mobile households Poorer households appear to depend on only one unskilled earner, engaged in casual labor work in the agricultural sector Poorer households appear to depend on only one unskilled earner, engaged in casual labor work in the agricultural sector

22. CBPM, Sri Lanka22 Coping Mechanisms of the Upwardly Mobile: Kalametiya In upwardly mobile households, members distribute the risk, with different earners engaging in different sectors In upwardly mobile households, members distribute the risk, with different earners engaging in different sectors This is mainly possible because the households have invested in human capital and have at least one skilled earners (e.g. with knowledge on computer technology) This is mainly possible because the households have invested in human capital and have at least one skilled earners (e.g. with knowledge on computer technology)

23. CBPM, Sri Lanka23 Migration as Coping Mechanism: Kalametiya Other ways of coping with vulnerable situations include going or sending women from the household to work abroad, mainly to the Middle East Other ways of coping with vulnerable situations include going or sending women from the household to work abroad, mainly to the Middle East This is sometimes successful for upward mobility but not always This is sometimes successful for upward mobility but not always

24. CBPM, Sri Lanka24 Findings: Kalametiya ´´I went to the middle east as a housemaid in January 2002 as the income from lagoon fishing was far from sufficient. Unfortunately all the money I had sent to my husband to build our house he had spent on entertaining friends and other unnecessary things.´´

25. CBPM, Sri Lanka25 Coping Mechanisms of the Poor: Kalametiya Most chronically poor households could not afford to send people abroad or invest in human capital Most chronically poor households could not afford to send people abroad or invest in human capital As a result they coped by As a result they coped by  skipping a meal  substituting cheaper foods for staples  buying on credit

26. CBPM, Sri Lanka26 Greater Vulnerability: Kalametiya This often meant that poor households suffered more from illness and malnutrition and from the danger of falling into deeper debt. This often meant that poor households suffered more from illness and malnutrition and from the danger of falling into deeper debt. This increased their vulnerability as illness impacted on earning potential (“body as main asset”) This increased their vulnerability as illness impacted on earning potential (“body as main asset”)

27. CBPM, Sri Lanka27 Social Networks: Kalametiya Chronically poor households could also be marked by the lack of functioning social networks and relationships Chronically poor households could also be marked by the lack of functioning social networks and relationships In many cases, friends and relatives In many cases, friends and relatives  were equally poor  lived far away or  were in conflict with the household

28. CBPM, Sri Lanka28 Constraints to escape poverty: Besides old age and chronic ill-health, community members identified alcoholism as the key constraint of improving a families livelihood Besides old age and chronic ill-health, community members identified alcoholism as the key constraint of improving a families livelihood Addiction to alcohol of households heads was explained as a vicious cycle that leads to a breakdown of family life and well-being and wastes most of the income of poor households Addiction to alcohol of households heads was explained as a vicious cycle that leads to a breakdown of family life and well-being and wastes most of the income of poor households Alcoholism also contributes significantly to domestic conflict and violence, mostly targeting wives and sometimes also children Alcoholism also contributes significantly to domestic conflict and violence, mostly targeting wives and sometimes also children

29. CBPM, Sri Lanka29 Political and Social Institutions: Kalametiya Local government and NGOs are perceived to be corrupted and politicized Local government and NGOs are perceived to be corrupted and politicized Links with state and NGO officials were helpful only if people were themselves with influence (“political capital”) Links with state and NGO officials were helpful only if people were themselves with influence (“political capital”)  High degree of frustration among poor without political contacts or “investments” into the wrong party members who didn’t win the election

30. CBPM, Sri Lanka30 Human and Social Capital: “Investment risks” “The education only benefits the rich people. The poor, having spent years for a degree, have to wait at home for a job. This happens because most of the jobs are under mani- pulation of the government. People without educational qualifications are sitting in high positions and spoiling the institutions.” (Youth, male, 27 yrs., A/L educated) “The education only benefits the rich people. The poor, having spent years for a degree, have to wait at home for a job. This happens because most of the jobs are under mani- pulation of the government. People without educational qualifications are sitting in high positions and spoiling the institutions.” (Youth, male, 27 yrs., A/L educated) “Sri Lankan culture is such that it does not view self- employment as employment. It should not be like that. In marriage the male is required to have a stable job in the public or private sector; self-employment does not count very much to people” (Youth, male, 22 yrs., A/L) “Sri Lankan culture is such that it does not view self- employment as employment. It should not be like that. In marriage the male is required to have a stable job in the public or private sector; self-employment does not count very much to people” (Youth, male, 22 yrs., A/L)

31. CBPM, Sri Lanka31 Politicization of Everyday Life Resource allocation and distribution under control of national government ministers and MP’s Resource allocation and distribution under control of national government ministers and MP’s Village communities divided along political alliances with no independent “entitlement perception” (with “winners” taking revenge) Village communities divided along political alliances with no independent “entitlement perception” (with “winners” taking revenge)  Victimization experiences in the past, especially among those without political protection, strengthens the above processes

32. CBPM, Sri Lanka32 Case-Study 2: Batticaloa District Largest coastal lagoon ecosystem in the country Largest coastal lagoon ecosystem in the country 20 years of ethnic war in this region has seriously depleted the resources and infrastructure with severe economic impacts on the people 20 years of ethnic war in this region has seriously depleted the resources and infrastructure with severe economic impacts on the people A Tamil village and a Muslim village were chosen for the study A Tamil village and a Muslim village were chosen for the study

33. CBPM, Sri Lanka33 Batticaloa: Conflict Background A Ceasefire Agreement signed in 2002 has brought some relief after almost 20 years of active armed conflict A Ceasefire Agreement signed in 2002 has brought some relief after almost 20 years of active armed conflict The lagoon is still highly politically and militarily contested area The lagoon is still highly politically and militarily contested area There is ongoing and increasing polarization between Tamils and Muslims There is ongoing and increasing polarization between Tamils and Muslims

34. CBPM, Sri Lanka34 Findings: Batticaloa All households were entirely or partly dependent on the lagoon for their income, using simple methods such as cast or gill nets and fish traps All households were entirely or partly dependent on the lagoon for their income, using simple methods such as cast or gill nets and fish traps Regular flooding during the rainy season created economical hardship as well as ill- health due to poor drainage systems Regular flooding during the rainy season created economical hardship as well as ill- health due to poor drainage systems Ethnic conflict creates additional hardships Ethnic conflict creates additional hardships

35. CBPM, Sri Lanka35 Security and the Lagoon: Batticaloa There has been open access to the lagoon only after the Ceasefire Agreement 2002 There has been open access to the lagoon only after the Ceasefire Agreement 2002 This is mainly for Tamils as Muslims cannot easily access the part of the lagoon coming under the LTTE-controlled areas This is mainly for Tamils as Muslims cannot easily access the part of the lagoon coming under the LTTE-controlled areas Additionally, continuing security concerns keeps both community near shore where fish supplies are depleted Additionally, continuing security concerns keeps both community near shore where fish supplies are depleted

36. CBPM, Sri Lanka36 Impact of the Conflict on Livelihoods: Batticaloa The conflict has destroyed former means of livelihoods (e.g. cattle rearing) of many families The conflict has destroyed former means of livelihoods (e.g. cattle rearing) of many families As a result of lost livelihoods, many families have taken up fishing from the lagoon as the only available survival strategy As a result of lost livelihoods, many families have taken up fishing from the lagoon as the only available survival strategy The increase in the fisher community has led to the lagoon being over fished and subsequent ecological changes The increase in the fisher community has led to the lagoon being over fished and subsequent ecological changes

37. CBPM, Sri Lanka37 Impacts of Increased Fishing: Batticaloa Increased competition between fisher people causes frequent quarrels and fights, leading to growing tension within the community Increased competition between fisher people causes frequent quarrels and fights, leading to growing tension within the community There is increased theft and sabotage within the fisher community (perpetuated through the lack of consistent law and order) There is increased theft and sabotage within the fisher community (perpetuated through the lack of consistent law and order)

38. CBPM, Sri Lanka38 Lack of Diversification and Other Opportunities: Batticaloa Most people noted that there appeared to be few alternatives to their current livelihoods, leading to poor income security Most people noted that there appeared to be few alternatives to their current livelihoods, leading to poor income security The ongoing insecurity in the region makes it difficult to establish new industries The ongoing insecurity in the region makes it difficult to establish new industries Additionally, access to natural resources is still controlled by the LTTE or army Additionally, access to natural resources is still controlled by the LTTE or army

39. CBPM, Sri Lanka39 Coping Mechanisms of the Poor: Batticaloa The main coping mechanism in Batticaloa was to go or send women to work as domestic aides in the Middle East The main coping mechanism in Batticaloa was to go or send women to work as domestic aides in the Middle East Almost all families who had managed to maintain or improve their livelihood relied on the returns of one or more temporary migrants Almost all families who had managed to maintain or improve their livelihood relied on the returns of one or more temporary migrants

40. CBPM, Sri Lanka40 Challenges to coping: Batticaloa Many families had no credit worthiness (no land title or physical assets) to obtain financial credit, even if sources for financial capital were available Many families had no credit worthiness (no land title or physical assets) to obtain financial credit, even if sources for financial capital were available Successful self-employment or small-scale business activities also increased the danger of taxation and jealousy Successful self-employment or small-scale business activities also increased the danger of taxation and jealousy

41. CBPM, Sri Lanka41 Social Vulnerability and Conflict Disruption of social relations as a source of support and coping Disruption of social relations as a source of support and coping Loss of social status and networks through death of a family member, separation, displacement etc. Loss of social status and networks through death of a family member, separation, displacement etc. Communal mistrust and lack of social cohesion due to perceived or real lack of consistent law and order Communal mistrust and lack of social cohesion due to perceived or real lack of consistent law and order Sense of fatalism and reluctance of people to invest in permanent community structures Sense of fatalism and reluctance of people to invest in permanent community structures

42. CBPM, Sri Lanka42 CHALLENGES How can the qualitative findings be translated into a quantitative survey questionnaire for CBPM? How can the qualitative findings be translated into a quantitative survey questionnaire for CBPM? What kind of information should be collected by whom? What kind of information should be collected by whom? Which are the best forms of institutionalizing CBPM in the Sri Lankan context? Which are the best forms of institutionalizing CBPM in the Sri Lankan context?

43. CBPM, Sri Lanka43 Lessons learnt More accurate information can be obtained on social networks and intra-household or intra- community relationships (including conflicts) by community based researchers More accurate information can be obtained on social networks and intra-household or intra- community relationships (including conflicts) by community based researchers  Qualitative findings can help to design good survey questions (e.g. taking different concepts and meanings of conflict into consideration)

44. CBPM, Sri Lanka44 Challenges to CBPM (contd.) People were reluctant to provide details about income, food consumption patterns, and information on particular health problems to community-based researchers People were reluctant to provide details about income, food consumption patterns, and information on particular health problems to community-based researchers  Need to either identify appropriate enumerators (e.g. health workers) and/ or to develop more indirect questions (e.g. degree of satisfaction with income level)

45. CBPM, Sri Lanka45 Challenges to CBPM (contd.) Actual and perceived impartiality of the community based researcher is difficult to guarantee Actual and perceived impartiality of the community based researcher is difficult to guarantee Political activity, belonging to influential groups or particular family histories can compromise perceived impartiality Political activity, belonging to influential groups or particular family histories can compromise perceived impartiality Local government bodies were also seen as politicized, however they were given in many instances more legitimacy than local NGO’s Local government bodies were also seen as politicized, however they were given in many instances more legitimacy than local NGO’s

46. CBPM, Sri Lanka46 Challenges to CBPM (cont.) Bringing different stakeholders together for community based data collection Bringing different stakeholders together for community based data collection Ensuring role of a facilitator to initiate the process and to assist in the analysis, interpretation and valididation of data Ensuring role of a facilitator to initiate the process and to assist in the analysis, interpretation and valididation of data Linking data collection to activities that have a visible benefit to the community Linking data collection to activities that have a visible benefit to the community

47. CBPM, Sri Lanka47 Institutionalization of CBPM in Sri Lanka Undiscovered role of educated youth: Long waiting period for A-level or University degree results Long waiting period for A-level or University degree results Many youth stay at home while applying for jobs Many youth stay at home while applying for jobs CBPM training programs facilitated by the Universities in collaboration with Local Government institutions for youth: CBPM training programs facilitated by the Universities in collaboration with Local Government institutions for youth: - additional qualifications - improved social recognition  YOUTH CORPS IDEA

48. CBPM, Sri Lanka48 National Youth Survey 2000

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50. Thank you for your attention The end!