1. English V
Martin Fernandez M.

2. Question Words
What...? ¿Qué...?  Where...? ¿Dónde...?  When...? ¿Cuándo...?  Who...? ¿Quién...?  Whose...?  ¿De quién...?  How...?  ¿Cómo...?  Why...? ¿Por qué...?  Which...? ¿Cuál...?  How much ..?  ¿Cuánto…? How many …? ¿Cuantos …?  

3. Question Words
Who y what pueden actuar como objeto o como sujeto. Si actúan como sujeto no utilizarán auxiliar (do,will,be)
Si actúan como objeto deberán preguntar con el auxiliar.
cuando who y what actúan como objeto
Question word + Auxilar + Sujeto + verbo en infinitivo
cuando who y what actúan como sujeto
Question word +verbo + objeto
“generalmente ponemos las preposiciones al final de las oraciones interrogativas”

4. Exercise Put the correct question word.
1. _______ much are the patotoes? One dollar.
2. _______ can I do for you? I want two white T-shirts.
3. _______ can I get a newspaper? At Park street.
4. _______ is your best friend? It´s paul.
5. _______ does Lisa live? In Boston.
6. _______ colour is your new car? It´s white.
7. _______ do you collect? Stickers.
8. _______ can help me? I can.
9. _______ about some grapes? No, thanks.
10. _______ was your first word as a baby? Mama.

5. Question Tags
preguntas que decimos al final de una oración (afirmativa o negativa) cuando queremos que nuestro interlocutor muestre acuerdo o desacuerdo, o bien para preguntar lo que no sabemos.
Para formar la "question tag" utilizamos los verbos auxiliares (be, have, do, will, would, can could, etc…) y a continuación el pronombre personal sujeto.
El auxiliar debe concordar con el verbo de la oración principal, es decir, si el verbo está en pasado, el auxiliar irá también en pasado.
En oraciones afirmativas, la question tag va en negativa.

6. Question Tags exceptions
Con Iam, hacemos la question tag,aren´t I?
Cuando en la oración principal usamos palabras negativas como “nothing”, “no one”, “nobody”, “no” “never” “hardly” “scarcely” and “little” la question tag deberá ser afirmativa.
Con “somebody” “anybody”, “nobody” “someone” “anyone”, “no-one”“everbody” “anyone”, la question tag llevará el auxiliar en plural y el pronombre sujeto "they", aunque en la oración el verbo esté en singular.
Con el imperativo En negativo ponemos la question tag "will you"? Y la orden se convierte en una petición cortés: - Don't be late, will you? No llegues tarde, ¿vale? En afirmativo ponemos la question tag "won't you?", y la orden se convierte en invitación: -Have another piece of cake, won't you? Tómate otro trozo de pastel, ¿no?

7. Exercise You are a student, are you? aren't you?
Lisa is going to the party, doesn't she? isn't she?
She can drive, can't she? can she?
There aren't enough chairs for everyone, are there? is there?
That car is too expensive, isn't it? isn't that?
The bus stops here, doesn't it? isn't it?
Larry wasn't at home yesterday, is he? was he?
She doesn't agree with you, does she? do you?

8. Exercise
Jack is just going out. You want him to get some stamps for you. ASK HIM ...   Jack, you couldn't __________________________________________________ 
You're looking for Ann. Perhaps Alan knows where she is. ASK HIM ... Alan, you__________________________________________________________
You need some paper. Perhaps Tom has some. ASK HIM ... Tom,_____________________________________________________________     
Ann has a car, and you don't want to walk home. You want her to give you a lift. ASK HER ... Ann,_____________________________________________________________  
You're looking for your purse. Perhaps Liz has seen it. ASK HER ... _________________________________________________________________

9. Do and Make
"Do" y "make" son dos verbos que se confunden frecuentemente en inglés. Ambos se pueden traducir como "hacer", pero hay algunas diferencias en su significado. En general, "do" considera más la acción, mientras que con  "make" nos referimos más al resultado de la acción.

10. Do
Se usa "do" para acciones, actividades, y trabajos. Se utiliza en un sentido amplio, como de "realizar". En general, estas acciones y actividades no producen un objeto físico.
Ejemplos:
do homework
do a job
do the dishes
do housework
do exercise
Se utiliza "do" cuando hablamos de cosas en general, cuando no decimos exactamente qué actividad. En este sentido, se utiliza mucho con los pronombres indefinidos como "something", "anything", "nothing", etc.
What are you doing today? I'm not doing anything. (¿Qué haces hoy? No hago nada.)
He's always doing nice things for his girlfriend. (Siempre hace cosas buenas para su novia.)
Are you doing anything important right now? (¿Haces algo importante ahora mismo?)

11. Make
Se utiliza "make" en el sentido de "fabricar", "elaborar" o "crear". Se usa para actividades en que se crea algo que se puede tocar, un objeto físico.
Ejemplos:
make breakfast/lunch/dinner
make a dress
make furniture

12. Do, Expressions do good (hacer el bien) do right (hacer bien)
do wrong (hacer mal)
do damage (hacer daño)
do one's best (hacer lo posible)
do a favor (hacer un favor)
do justice (hacer justicia)
do research (investigar)
do harm (hacer daño)
do business (hacer negocios)
do one's hair (arreglarse el pelo)
do wonders (hacer maravillas)

13. Make, Expressions make a decision (tomar una decisión)
make [a] noise (hacer [un] ruido)
make a difference (hacer diferencias/marcar la [una] diferencia)
make peace (firmar la paz)
make friends (hacer amigos)
make a choice (hacer una elección)
make war (hacer la guerra)
make love (hacer el amor)
make a phone call (hacer una llamada)
make a fire (encender un fuego)
make a plan (trazar/hacer un plan)
make an impression (causar impresión)
make an exception (hacer una excepción)
make arrangements (hacer preparativos)
make a mess (hacer un lio)
make a confession (hacer una confesión)
make a point (dar un argumento concreto)
make an appointment (pedir cita/hora, concertar una cita)
make a discovery (hacer un descubrimiento)
make a promise (hacer una promesa)
make a mistake (cometer un error
make a change (hacer un cambio)
make a suggestion (hacer una sugerencia)
make money (ganar dinero)
make an excuse (dar una excusa)
make amends (reparar el daño [causado al alguien]//desagraviar a)
make time (encontrar tiempo)
make the bed (hacer la cama)
make an effort (hacer un esfuerzo)
make a comment (hacer un comentario)
make an attempt (hacer un intento)
make a statement (hacer una declaración/afirmación)
make fun of (reírse/burlarse de)
make progress (hacer progresos)
make a speech (pronunciar/hacer un discurso)
make an offer (hacer una oferta)

14. Zero Conditional
When we talk about things that are generally or always true.
We use: If/When/Unless + present form + present simple or imperative.
Note that we are not talking about a specific event but something which is generally true.
In the condition clause, we can use a variety of present forms. In the result clause, there can only be the present simple or imperative.
Notice that 'unless' means the same as 'if not'.

15. Zero Conditional Examples:
Unless he asks you politely, refuse to do any more work on the project.
Unless prices are rising, it's not a good investment.
Unless you've been there yourself, you don't really understand how fantastic it is.
If you visit London, go on the London Eye.
If unemployment is rising, people tend to stay in their present jobs.
If you've done that, go and have a coffee.
When you go on holiday, take plenty of sun cream. It'll be very hot.
When I'm concentrating, please don't make so much noise.
When I've finished an article, I always ask Kate to read it through.

16. Zero Conditional
People  (get) fat, if they  (eat) junk food.
If a person  (practise) sports, he or she always   (feel) good.
If the sun  (rise) high, it  (become) very hot. Plants   (die), if it  (do) not rain.
If children (not/get) enough sleep at night, they  (get) tired all day.

17. Zero Conditional
(I / wake up late / I / be late for work) ____________________________________ (my husband / cook / he / burn the food) (Julie / not wear a hat / she / get sunstroke) (children / not eat well / they / not be healthy) (you / mix water and electricity / you / get a shock) (I / feel good the next day / I / go to bed early) (lots of people / come / Jenny / have a party) (she / buy expensive clothes / she / go shopping) (my daughter / pass her exams / she / work hard) (David / be sick / he / drink milk)

18. if + present simple, ... will + infinitive
First Conditional
The first conditional has the present simple after 'if', then the future simple in the other clause:
if + present simple, ... will + infinitive
It's used to talk about things which might happen in the future. Of course, we can't know what will happen in the future, but this describes possible things, which could easily come true.
If it rains, I won't go to the park.
If I study today, I'll go to the party tonight.
If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes.
She'll be late if the train is delayed.
She'll miss the bus if she doesn't leave soon.
If I see her, I'll tell her.
Sometimes, we use shall, can, or may instead of will, for example: If you are good today, you can watch TV tonight.

19. First Conditional
We will (pass) the examination if we study hard. If you (go) to see this film, you will have a good time. If he (play) sport, he will live longer. She (not be) an architect if she doesn’t go to university. They (ring) us if we give them our phone number. If we (not solve) the problem, we won’t get the prize. If we (not go) now, we (miss) the bus. _______________________________________ You (be) tired if you (not sleep). ________________________________________ If the Spanish team (get) to the final match, they (be) the World Champions. ___________________________________________________ If you (help) me, I (give) you a lot of money. _____________________________________________________ If we (sing) some carols, they (be) happy. ______________________________________________________

20. First Conditional
1. If I __________ my homework now, I ________________ go out later.
NOT DO NOT BE ABLE TO
2. Charlie _____________ your chips if you _____________ them.
EAT NOT FINISH
3. I ______________ in my office if she _____________ anything.
BE NEED
4. You _________ there on time if you ____________ immediately.
NOT GET NOT LEAVE
5. If we ___________ to Sarah’s party, we __________ a good time.
GO HAVE
6. If Kate _____________ to America I _____________ her.
GO MISS

21. if + past simple, ...would + infinitive
Second Conditional
The second conditional uses the past simple after if, then 'would' and the infinitive:
if + past simple, ...would + infinitive
We can use 'were' instead of 'was' with 'I' and 'he/she/it'.
An imaginary result in a situation that does not exist
First, we can use it to talk about things in the future that are probably not going to be true. Maybe I'm imagining some dream for example.
If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house.(I probably won't win the lottery)
If I met the Queen of England, I would say hello.
She would travel all over the world if she were rich.
She would pass the exam if she ever studied.(She never studies, so this won't happen)
Second, we can use it to talk about something in the present which is impossible, because it's not true. Is that clear? Have a look at the examples:
If I had his number, I would call him. (I don't have his number now, so it's impossible for me to call him).
If I were you, I wouldn't go out with that man.
If I were president, I would put you in Jail

22. Second Conditional 1) If I (be) you, I (get) a new job.
2) If he (be) younger, he (travel) more.
3) If we   (not/be) friends, I  (be) angry with you
4) If I (have) enough money, I   (buy) a big house.
5) If she ___________  (not/be) always so late, she ___________   (be) promoted.
6) If we ___________   (win) the lottery, we ___________   (travel) the world.
7) If you ___________   (have) a better job, we ___________   (be) able to buy a new car.
8) If I ___________   (speak) perfect English, I ___________   (have) a good job.
9) If we ___________   (live) in Mexico, I  ___________  (speak) Spanish.
10) If ___________   (pass) the exam, she ___________   (be) able to enter university.

23. Second Conditional
1. If I won the lottery, If I were a superhero, 3. If my parents were more understanding, 4. If I could travel anywhere in the world, 5. If I had time, Exchange information with a partner. What would you do if…..? What could you do if…?

24. if + past perfect, ...would + have + past participle
Third Conditional
 Past perfect after 'if' and then 'would have' and the Past participle in the second part of the sentence:
if + past perfect, ...would + have + past participle
It talks about the past. It's used to describe a situation that didn't happen, and to imagine the result of this situation.
If she had studied, she would have passed the exam (but, really we know she didn't study and so she didn't pass)
If I hadn't eaten so much, I wouldn't have felt sick (but I did eat a lot, and so I did feel sick).
If we had taken a taxi, we wouldn't have missed the plane
She wouldn't have been tired if she had gone to bed earlier
She would have become a teacher if she had gone to university
He would have been on time for the interview if he had left the house at nine

25. Third Conditional
If you ______________ (not / be) late, we ______________ (not / miss) the bus.
If she ______________ (study), she ______________ (pass) the exam.
If we ______________ (arrive) earlier, we ______________ (see) John.
If they ______________ (go) to bed early, they ______________ (not / wake) up late.
If he ______________ (become) a musician, he ______________ (record) a CD.
If she ______________ (go) to art school, she ______________ (become) a painter.
If I ______________ (be) born in a different country, I ______________ (learn) to speak a different language.
If she ______________ (go) to university, she ______________ (study) French.
If we ______________ (not / go) to the party, we ______________ (not / meet) them.
If he ______________ (take) the job, he ______________ (not / go) travelling.

26. Third Conditional
I wouldn't be angry if you _____________________ my chocolate mousse. (to eat)
If he had known you were in hospital, he _____________________ you. (to visit)
We wouldn't have come by taxi if we _____________________ the right bus. (to find)
We would have visited the Prado gallery if we _____________________ time. (to have)
If you hadn't been asking me questions all the time, I_____________________ the film.(to enjoy)
If I _____________________ your number, I would have phoned.(to know)
If just one person had remembered my birthday, I _____________________ sad. (to be)
I would have understood the film if it _____________________ in German. (to be*)
They _____________________ to see you if they hadn't been away. (to come)
if she  _____________________ on a double yellow line, she wouldn't have got a fine. (to park)

27. If we mix the sentences, we get mixed conditionals.
 Are those unreal conditional sentences whose time in the if-clause is different than the time in the main-clause. Let's first have a look at unreal conditional sentences:
If she were shorter, she would be more attractive.
I am busy next week. If I had time, I would come to your party.
If they hadn't trained hard, they wouldn't have won.
As you can see, they refer to the same time: the present, the future or the past.
If we mix the sentences, we get mixed conditionals.

28. Mixed conditionals Past and Present
If my father hadn't lost his keys, we wouldn't have to wait until he finds them. But my father lost his keys and therefore we have to wait until he finds them.
If I had installed an anti-virus, my computer wouldn't be so slow now. But I didn't install an anti-virus and therefore my computer is so slow now.
If our house had been broken into, we would be very sad. But our house wasn't broken into and we aren't sad.
Past and Future
If our house had been broken into, we would call the police. But our house wasn't broken into and we are not going to call police.
If we had won the lottery last week, we would buy a new sofa today. But we didn't win the lottery and we are not going to buy a new sofa today.

29. Mixed Conditionals Present and Past
If I were smarter, I would have graduated from Stanford. But I am not smarter and therefore I didn't graduate from Stanford.
If Mary weren't a snob, she wouldn't have had so many parties this year. But Mary is a snob and therefore she had so many parties this year.
Present and Future
If you were more eloquent, you would become a politician. But I am not more eloquent and I won't become a politician.
If you had more time, I would go to the cinema with you. But you don't have more time and I won't go to the cinema with you.

30. Verb form in result -clause
CONDITIONALS
Verb form in if-clause
Verb form in result -clause
Meaning of if-clause
Use
Examples
If + Simple Present
Simple present
Real and Possible situations at any time, but most commonly in present
1) situations that can occur at any time(more than once) and their results
2) general truths
3) general instruction
If you press this key, the game starts
If you boil water, it turns into steam
If you want to start, press the red button I
Simple Future
Possible in the present or future
1) possible future events and their results
2) command
3) offer
4) warnings
If it rains, I will stay at home
If you come home late, don’t make noise
I’ll call the hotel if you don’t have time
I’ll call the police if you don’t leave now! II
If + Simple Past
Would
or verb
Could
. Impossible or not true in the present
. improbable in the future
. imaginary situations
1) improbable future event or situation
2) a hypothetical current situation which is contrary to known facts
3) giving advice
If I won a lottery, I would buy an island
If I knew the answer I would tell you
If I were you, I would see a doctor
III
If + Past Perfect
or have + past participle
Should
Impossible in the past
1) regret
2) criticism .
If I had seen the red light, I would have stopped
If you had worked hard, you could have passed your exam

31. All the conditionals exercises
If it is sunny tomorrow _______________________________________________
If you sit in the sun too long __________________________________________
If I were you _______________________________________________________
If I were the Prime Minister ___________________________________________
If she had studied harder _____________________________________________
If I won the lottery __________________________________________________
If I hadn’t gone to bed so late _________________________________________
If I hadn’t come to London ___________________________________________
If you mix water and electricity ________________________________________
If she hadn’t stayed at home __________________________________________
If I go out tonight___________________________________________________
If I were on holiday today ____________________________________________
If I had listened to my mother _________________________________________
If I hadn’t eaten so much _____________________________________________
If it rains later ______________________________________________________
If I were British ____________________________________________________
If I were the opposite sex ____________________________________________
If I have enough money ______________________________________________
If you don’t wear a coat in the winter ___________________________________
If I weren’t studying English __________________________________________

32. wish and If only
There are three distinct types of I wish / if only sentences: Expressing a wish: Form: If only / I wish + simple past If only I knew how to use a computer. (I don’t know how to use a computer and I would like to learn how to use it) Use: To express a wish in the present or in the future. The simple past here is an unreal past. When you use the verb to be the form is “were”. Example: I wish I were a millionaire!

33. wish and If only Expressing regret: Form:
If only / I wish + past perfect
Example:
If only I had woken up early. (I didn't wake up early and I missed my bus.)
Use:
To express a regret.
The action is past.

34. wish and If only Complaining: Form: I wish / if only + would + verb
Example:
I wish you wouldn't arrive so late all the time (I'm annoyed because you always come late and I want you to arrive on time)
Use:
To complain about a behavior that you disapprove.
Expressing impatience, annoyance or dissatisfaction with a present action.
IF ONLY is used to make emphatic wishes:
     I can't restart the computer. If only I knew how to fix it!
    We are completely lost. If only you had brought your GPS!

35. Exercise Have, meant, must, need, used, want, wish.
The Reason (Hoobastank)
I'm not a perfect person
There's many things I I didn't do
But I continue learning
and the reason is You [x4]
I never to do those things to you
And so I to say before I go
That I just you to know
I've found a reason for me
To change who I to be
A reason to start over new
and the reason is you
I'm sorry that I hurt you
It's something I live with everyday
And all the pain I put you through
I've found a reason to show
I wish that I could take it all away
A side of me you didn't know
And be the one who catches all your tears
A reason for all that I do
That’s why I you to hear
And the reason is you

36. Suffixes
Suffix is a group of letters placed at the end of a word to make a new word. A suffix can make a new word in one of two ways:
inflectional (grammatical): for example, changing singular to plural (dog > dogs), or changing present tense to past tense (walk > walked). In this case, the basic meaning of the word does not change.
derivational (the new word has a new meaning, "derived" from the original word): for example, teach > teacher or care > careful

37. Inflectional suffixes
Inflectional suffixes do not change the meaning of the original word. So in "Every day I walk to school" and "Yesterday I walked to school", the words walk and walked have the same basic meaning. In "I have one car" and "I have two cars", the basic meaning of the words car and cars is exactly the same. In these cases, the suffix is added simply for grammatical "correctness". Look at these examples:
suffix
grammatical change
example original word
example suffixed word -s
Plural
Dog
Dogs
-en
Plural (irregular) Ox
Oxen
3rd person singular present
Like
He likes
-ed
Past tense
Past participle
Work
He worked
He has worked
Past participle (irregular)
Eat
He has eaten
-ing
Continuous/progressive
Sleep
He is sleeping
-er
Comparative
Big
Bigger
-est
Superlative
The biggest

38. Derivational suffixes
With derivational suffixes, the new word has a new meaning, and is usually a different part of speech. But the new meaning is related to the old meaning - it is "derived" from the old meaning.
We can add more than one suffix, as in this example:
derive (verb) + tion = derivation (noun) + al = derivational (adjective)

39. suffix
making
example original word
example suffixed word
-ation
nouns
explore
exploration
hesitate
hesitation
-sion
persuade
persuasion
divide
division
-er
teach
teacher
-cian
music
musician
-ess
god
goddess
-ness
sad
sadness
-al
arrive
arrival
-ary
diction
dictionary
-ment
treat
treatment -y
jealous
jealousy
victor
victory
adjectives
accident
accidental
imagine
imaginary
-able
tax
taxable
-ly
brother
brotherly
ease
easy
-ful
sorrow
sorrowful
forget
forgetful
adverbs
helpful
helpfully
-ize
verbs
terror
terrorize
private
privatize
-ate
hyphen
hyphenate

40. Suffixes
Suffixes Spelling Rules RULE: 1 - When a word ends with a consonant and the suffix begins with a consonant, simply add the consonant with no spelling changes. enjoyment = enjoy + ment commitment = commit + ment doubtful = doubt + ful RULE: 2 - For most one syllable words ending in a single consonant you need to double the last letter when you add a suffix. run + ing = running sun + y = sunny fun + y = funny *** When the word ends with more than one consonant, the last letter is NOT doubled. jump + ing = jumping sing + ing = singing

41. Suffixes
RULE: 3 - For words with more than one syllable and end with the letter"L" you must double the "L" when adding suffixes. travel + ing = travelling cancel + ed = cancelled RULE: 4 - For words stressed on the last syllable and ending with a singleconsonant, you need to double the last letter. prefer + ing = preferring begin + er = beginner *** For words where the stress isn't on the last syllable, then you do NOT need to double the last letter. benefit + ed = benefited offer + ing = offering

42. Suffixes
***OTHER SPELLING RULES- "Y" to "I" and the silent "E" When a word ends in a consonant plus "Y" then the "Y" is changed to "I" when you add the suffix. When adding the suffix 'ing' to a word ending in "Y" -- you keep the "Y."  lonely + ness = loneliness happy + ness = happiness copy + ing = copying Silent "E" words end with a consonant and an "E." Words like love, like, and hope...you drop the "E" when you add the suffix. noise + y = noisy simple + y = simply

43. Prefixes
A prefix is placed at the beginning of a word to modify or change its meaning.