1. From Slavery to Freedom 9th ed.
Chapter 12
The Color Line

2. The Path to Disfranchisement
Preventing Black Voting Legally
Rise of the Conservative Democrats; sought a probusiness climate of order and stability
Used a variety of means to prevent the black vote
Poll taxes, literacy tests, complicated balloting processes, centralized election codes; gerrymandering
Black Reappearance in Politics
With black Republicanism gone, disputes between white classes appear
Poor whites distrust Conservative Democrats
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A rural black man “freely” exercises right to vote
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4. The Path to Disfranchisement
Economic depression caused farmers to organize against the New South proponents of business and industry
Some short-lived instances of racial cooperation
Readjuster Party: emphasized economic interests instead of racial differences
The Radical Agrarian Movement
Black and white farmers drifted together under radical agrarianism
Colored Farmers’ National Alliance and Cooperative Union
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5. The Path to Disfranchisement
Led to creation of Populist Party, the political agency of the resurgent famers
Sought to win black vote and secure black franchise
Tom Watson
Successful Coalitions
Coalition of Populists and remnants of old Republican organizations had some success
Able to open up voting to blacks in North Carolina in 1894
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6. The Path to Disfranchisement
Complete Disfranchisement
After collapse of agrarian revolt, both white factions agreed on the need to disfranchise black voters
Disagreed on the methods of disfranchisement; many poor whites afraid they too would be disqualified
Mississippi Plan
Suffrage amendment with purpose of disfranchisement set precedent for several other states
Poll tax, disqualification for convicts, required persons to read and understand state constitution
South Carolina; “Pitchfork Ben” Tillman
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Isaiah Montgomery
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8. The Path to Disfranchisement
The Black Response
Bitterly denounced racist amendments; unable to garner white support
Effective Disfranchisement
By 1910, blacks effectively disfranchised in North Carolina, Alabama, Virginia, Georgia, and Oklahoma
Back to Slavery
“White primary” excluded blacks by party rules
Blacks had no political clout
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Black men fought unsuccessfully to defend themselves in the Wilmington, North Carolina, riot in November 1898
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Drawing, The Union as It Was, by Thomas Nast, Harper’s Weekly, October 24, 1874
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11. Legalizing Segregation
Plessy v. Ferguson
1895 Supreme Court case upheld segregation doctrine of “separate but equal”
White Man’s Country
“Insider” and “outsider” status based on racial identity sanctioned by legal process
Public space considered white private property
Segregated transportation evoked most notable challenges to Jim Crow
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Handwritten decision, Plessy v. Ferguson
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13. Confronting the Urban Color Line
Rapid growth of blacks in urban cities
More economic and social opportunities; more prominent color line
Employment and Unions
Difficult for blacks to find jobs and join unions in cities
Housing
Difficulty finding housing exaggerated by segregation; created congestion
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14. Confronting the Urban Color Line
Transportation
Introduction of Jim Crow streetcars brought on black boycotts and protests
Black women played primary role
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15. America’s Empire of Color
The United States Expands
U.S. imperialist ambitions focused on lands and resources of world’s darker-skinned peoples
“Scramble for Africa”
Hawaiian Islands and other small pacific islands
The Caribbean
U.S. increasingly interested in South America and Caribbean
Cuba
Sinking of the Maine
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16. America’s Empire of Color
The Spanish American War
Some African Americans enlisted in the army; some vocal anti-imperialists
Blacks troops treated poorly during the war but had much success in battle
Reinforced the Rough Riders
Garrison Duty and Pacific Services
U.S. citizens not entirely in favor of arming African Americans or having them serve as troops of occupation
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The Tenth Cavalry
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18. America’s Empire of Color
The United States as a Great Power
U.S. victory over Spain established it as a world power
Treaty of Paris gave the U.S. Cuba, Puerto Rico, Spain’s other West Indies islands, and the Philippines
Puerto Rico
U.S. had to pursue an imperial policy that would not upset racial balance at home
Puerto Rican government carefully supervised by Congress; officials appointed by U.S. president
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19. America’s Empire of Color
The Virgin Islands
U.S. purchased Danish West Indies in 1917 for their strategic and military importance
Haiti
African American ministers went to Haiti with hopes of extending American influence
Liberia
American ministers sought to develop the commercial and economic life of the country
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20. The Pattern of Violence
Lynch Law
Racial violence continued into the new century; lynching an important part of punishment in the U.S.
Race Riots
Epidemic of race riots swept the country
The Atlanta Riot
White newspapers intensified fear and hatred of blacks; violence and rioting erupted
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Lynching
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22. The Pattern of Violence
Brownsville Texas
Riot involving some members of black Twenty- Fifth Regiment
President Roosevelt dismissed entire battalion
Roosevelt criticized for not giving members a full and fair trial
1909 act of Congress provided for a court of inquiry
Violence in the North
Hostility and violence toward blacks also grew in the North
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23. The Pattern of Violence
The Springfield Riot
Black man falsely accused of beating and raping a white woman
Mob began to destroy African American businesses; lynched African American man
Militia was called in to restore order
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