2. Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was shot down over Soviet airspace.
U-2 Spy Incident (1960)
Col. Francis Gary Powers’ plane was shot down over Soviet airspace.

4. Iran Prime Minister, Mohammed Mossadegh overthown with help from CIA
He had nationalized Britain’s Anglo-Iranian Oil Company
Replaced with the Shah of Iran – loyal to U.S. and renegotiated oil contracts so Americans got 40% of Iran’s oil concessions

5. Israel 1948 – Israel fights off attack by Arab neighbors
Drove thousands of Palestinians from their homes
Occupied territory where hundreds of thousands of Palestinians had fled
Seized lands far in excess of the terms of the United Nations agreement
Arab states refused to recognize Israel’s right to exist and put in place a boycott
Palestinians in refugee camps

6. The Suez Crisis:

7. Egypt President Nasser looks to U.S. and Britain for economic aid
Wanted to build a dam on the Nile for electricity and irrigation
Nasser announced plans to nationalize the Suez Canal and turns to Soviet Union for aid
Eisenhower refuses to intervene and help return canal to British control
French, British, Israeli forces attack Egypt – UN and US call for cease-fire and withdrawal of troops
After Soviets threaten to intervene of behalf of Egypt and troops leave

8. Foreign Policy “Hot Spots”
Latin America:
1948  O. A. S. [Organization of American States] was created during Truman’s administration.
1954  CIA covert ops. in Guatemala.
1950s  Puerto Rican independence movement.
1959  Castro’s Communist Revolution in Cuba.

9. Guatemala New democracy – attempted land reform & unionization
Challenged long-standing dominance of U.S. based United Fruit Company – take over land they were not using to give to landless peasants
Company lobbies
Land reform = communism
CIA trains antigovernment dissidents based in Honduras

10. Guatemala
U.S. Navy stopped ships bound for Guatemala and seized the cargos
U.S. military-sponsored invasion – Air Force bombing support
Guatemalan citizen seize United Fruit buildings & appeal to UN
Eisenhower denies knowledge of CIA activities – really big “black eye” for U.S. as photos of victims published
Decades long civil war ensues

11. Indochina Under French control but wants independence
U.S. fears communism
Pours in $2.6 billion to aid French
Vietminh, Ho Chi Minh, defeat the French in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu
Fear domino theory
Geneva Accord – divides country at 17th parallel – Ho Chi Minh controls north and Ngo Dihn Diem controls south
Diem, former Japanese collaborator, Catholic (90% Buddhist population), corrupt and repressive policies
U.S. & UN refuse to hold elections in 1956 – by 1959 South was facing civil war; guerrilla forces

12. Independent Vietnam U.S. actions 1954-1960 Covert CIA activity
Support Diem
SEATO – collective security agreement for Southeast Asia – like NATO – U.S., Britain, France, Australia, New Zealand, Thailand, Philippines, Pakistan
Vietnam is in civil war when Kennedy takes office

13. Military-Industrial Complex
Total influence – “economic, political, even spiritual is felt in every statehouse, every office of the federal government.”
“The potential for disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist. We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes.”

14. Election of 1960 Nixon vs. Kennedy
Just over 100,000 votes from 69 million votes cast - margin of victory
Importance of African-American vote
Importance of television in electoral politics
Camelot

15. New Frontier Liberalism
“Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.”
Funded programs to help rural Appalachia
Peace Corps

16. Kennedy & the Cold War
As President, Kennedy gave more decision- making power to the White House staff
Alliance for Progress – like Marshall Plan for Latin America
Increased agricultural productivity but effected little social change

17. Paris, 1961
Khrushchev & JFK meet to discuss Berlin and nuclear proliferation. Khrushchev thinks that JFK is young, inexperienced, and can be rolled.

18. The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)
Checkpoint Charlie

19. President Kennedy tells Berliners that the West is with them!
Ich bin ein Berliner! (1963)
President Kennedy tells Berliners that the West is with them!

20. Khruschev Embraces Castro, 1961

21. Bay of Pigs Debacle (1961)
Showed Castro had the support of the Cuban people

22. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

23. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

24. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)
We went eyeball-to-eyeball with the Russians, and the other man blinked!

25. The Missile Crisis Kennedy favored peaceful coexistence
“hot line” set up between Washington & Moscow
Negotiation of the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
Pledge the U.S. would not invade Cuba

26. Assassination of JFK